Age group:

7-9 years (boys only)

Boys from disadvantaged families who present behavioural problems.

Problems:

• gang-related activities;
• delinquency;
• substance abuse;
• aggression and violence.

Risk factors:

• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• poor parental supervision;
• use of corporal punishment;
• inconsistent discipline.

Results:

• at 12 years old, the boys who participated in this program commit fewer thefts, are less likely to have substance abuse problems and are less involved in fights; and
• at 15 years old, the boys who participated in this program are less involved with gangs, have fewer substance abuse problems, commit fewer delinquent acts and have fewer friends who had been arrested by the police.^[4],^[5]

Rating^[3]:

I: exemplary
II: ns (not stated)

Parenting with Love and Limits (PLL)

Also accompanies family therapy

Age group:

10-18 years (girls and boys)

Youth who have committed a first offence/youth at risk of adopting delinquent behaviour/dropouts.

Problems:

• gang-related activities;
• delinquency;
• substance abuse;
• aggression and violence;
• academic problems.

Risk factors:

• poor parental supervision;
• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• poor family bonds;
• family violence;
• sibling with behaviour problems;
• use of corporal punishment;
• inconsistent discipline.

Results:

• in the year following PLL, 85% of youth did not have a substance abuse relapse;
• compared to a control group, PLL youth reduced their aggressive behaviour, depression and attention deficit problems; and
• parents of PLL, compared to those of a comparison group, improved communication with their youth.^[6]

Rating:

I: exemplary
II: ns

Age group:

3-14 years (girls and boys)

Targets families in which one parent is on methadone treatment.

Problem:

• substance abuse.

Risk factors:

• parents who are involved in criminal activity or who have a criminal history;
• poor parental supervision;
• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• use of corporal punishment;
• inconsistent discipline;
• poor family bonds.

Results:

After 12 months of counselling, the
Focus on Families parents, compared to a comparison group:^[5], ^[7]

• reported fewer conflicts;
• were better able to ensure house rules were obeyed;
• changed their social circle;
• reported a 65% reduction in the frequency of heroin use;
• were six times less likely to use cocaine in the last month.

Rating:

I: exemplary
II: model

Age group:

11-18 years (girls and boys)

Youth who present delinquent behaviour/youth currently involved in criminal activities.

Problems:

• aggression and violence;
• substance abuse.

Risk factors:

• poor parental supervision;
• mismanagement of family conflicts.

Results:

• compared to traditional justice service for youth, FFT reduces the risk of recidivism by 50% to 60%;^[5]
• after one year of counselling, the rate of recidivism in youth who participated in the project was 19.8% versus 36% in other youth;^[9]
• compared to traditional probation services for youth, residential treatments; and therapeutic approaches, FFT obtained better results.^[5]

Rating:

I: exemplary
II: exemplary

Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC)

Also considered to be a program that uses an integrated approach

Age group:

11-18 years (girls and boys)

Youth with chronic delinquent behaviour who are at risk of incarceration.

Problems:

• delinquency;
• aggression and violence.

Risk factors:

• poor parental supervision;
• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• parents who are involved in criminal activity or who have a criminal history.

Results:

• after a 12-month follow-up, MTFC youth, compared to youth placed in traditional placement centres, committed fewer offences (an average of 2.6 offences versus 5.4);^[9]
• after a 12-month follow-up, MTFC boys aged 12 to 17 spent 60% fewer days in prison compared to boys placed in traditional placement centres, used fewer hard drugs, had a lower rate of recidivism and were more likely to return to their families;^[5]
• after a 24-month follow-up, MTFC youth had better academic integration.^[10]

Rating:

I: exemplary
II: exemplary

Age group:

8-18 years (girls and boys)

Youth who present or who are at risk of adopting delinquent behaviour.

The therapy also addresses dropouts and youth with substance abuse problems.

Problems:

• delinquency;
• substance abuse.

Risk factors:

• poor parental supervision;
• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• poor family bonds;
• siblings with behaviour problems.

Results:

BSFT is considered an effective treatment to improve behaviour problems, reduce recidivism among young offenders and improve family relations.^[7]

Rating:

I: effective
II: exemplary

Age group:

11-18 years (girls and boys)

Youth with substance abuse problems and youth who present behaviour problems.

Problems:

• substance abuse;
• aggression and violence.

Risk factors:

• poor parental supervision;
• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• use of corporal punishment;
• inconsistent discipline.

Results:

• MDFT youth showed more positive changes (45%) than youth in regular group therapy (32%) and youth in multi-family therapy (26%);^[5]
• after one year, 70% of MDFT youth and 55% of youth who participated in cognitive therapies stopped using drugs; and
• MDFT enabled the participating families to improve their functioning and cohesion.^[7]

Rating:

I: effective
II: exemplary

Positive- Parenting- Program (Triple P)

Also accompanies parental training

Age group:

Youth under 16 years (girls and boys)

Youth with behaviour (or emotional) problems.

Problem:

• behaviour problems.

Risk factors:

• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• depressed parents.

Results:

Compared to families on a waiting list to receive treatment, those who participated in Triple P11:

• reduced behaviour problems in their children; and
• improved parenting practices and skills.^[11]

Rating:

I: ns
II: ns

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

Sometimes classified under family therapy

Age group:

12-17 years (girls and boys)

Youth with chronic violence problems, substance abuse problems and those who are at risk of placement.

Problems:

• aggression and violence;
• substance abuse.

Risk factors:

• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• poor parental supervision.

Results:

• the reduction of recidivism rate varied between 25% and 70%^[9];
• the reduction in youth placement rates varied between 47% and 64%;^[9]
• compared to youth who received traditional services, MST youth experienced a significant reduction in criminal activity^[6];
• MST is one of the most effective programs for aggressive and antisocial adolescents;^[12]
• compared to youth in traditional placement, MST youth reduced their rate of arrest, self-reported delinquency and the number of assaults against other youth.^[13]

Rating:

I: exemplary
II: exemplary

CASASTART
(Striving Together to Achieve Rewarding Tomorrows)

Also known as Children at Risk

Also considered to be family therapy

Age group:

8-13 years (girls and boys)

Youth at risk of being involved in criminal activities or youth who present substance abuse problems.

Problems:

• delinquency;
• substance abuse;
• aggression and violence;
• academic problems.

Risk factors:

• parents who are involved in criminal activity or who have a criminal history
• poor parental supervision;
• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• poor family bonds;
• family violence;
• family instability.

Results:

After one year, youth who participated in CASASTART, compared to youth from a comparison group:^[14]

• had a lower drug use rate (56% versus 63%);
• sold drugs less frequently (14% versus 24%); and
• committed fewer violent crimes (22% versus 27%).^[14]

Rating:

I: effective
II: ns

Wraparound Milwaukee

Also accompanies family therapy

Age group:

13-17 years (girls and boys)

Youth who present emotional and behaviour problems/ youth who present mental health needs.

Problems:

• delinquency;
• substance abuse;
• aggression and violence.

Risk factors:

• parents who are involved in criminal activity or who have a criminal history;
• poor parental supervision;
• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• family violence;
• siblings with behaviour problems;
• use of corporal punishment;
• inconsistent discipline.

Results:

• pre-and post-test evaluations showed that the youth involved in Wraparound reduced their rate of recidivism and improved their performance in school, at home and in the community; and
• after one year of counselling, there was a decrease in the rate of violent sex offences (from 14% to 2%), offences against property (from 42% to 15%), assaults (from 20% to 5%) and offences involving firearms (from 11% to 3%).^[5]

Rating:

I: promising
II: ns

Age group:

6-15 years (girls and boys)

Youth who present a high risk of chronic delinquency and violence.

Problems:

• delinquency;
• aggression and violence;
• academic problems.

Risk factors:

• parent who are involved in criminal activity or who have a criminal history;
• poor parental supervision;
• mismanagement of family conflicts;
• poor family bonds;
• family violence;
• siblings with behaviour problems;
• use of corporal punishment;
• inconsistent discipline.

Results:

• an evaluation from 1999 to 2003 showed that youth who participated in ACE attended school regularly, were accepted to high school and improved their attitudes and behaviour at school;^[15]
• among youth who present the same level of risk, those who participated in ACE had a lower rate of recidivism (35% versus 57%); and
• over a period of 4.5 years, 86% of ACE youth did not face new charges.^[16]

Rating:

I: promising
II: ns

SNA P ™ Under 12 Outreach Project (ORP)

Also accompanies family therapy and parental training

Age group:

6-12 years (boys only)

Boys who have committed offences or who present serious behaviour problems.

Note: a program for girls,
SNAP ™ Girls Connection,
was established in 1996.

Problems:

• delinquency;
• aggression and violence.

Risk factors:

• poor parental behaviour
• poor parental supervision.

Results:

Compared to a control group, SNAP participants^[5]:

• had fewer individual problems (anxiety, depression);
• improved their social skills (better relations with peers; participation in activities);
• reduced their rate of aggression and delinquency;
• 60% of high risk children who participated in ORP did not have a criminal record;
• showed positive skills after treatment, developed positive ties with teachers, friends and family members and were less likely to associate with "bad friends"; and
• parents had less difficulty in relations with their children and were confident that they could adequately supervise their behaviour.^[5]

Rating:

I: exemplary
II: ns