Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview

Erratum
A correction has been made to Table D7 (p. 92). The 2007-08 statistic for successful completions of accelerated day parole should read 84.6% rather than 11.4%.

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Table of Contents

Section A: Context - Crime and the Criminal Justice System

• Police-reported crime rate has been decreasing since 1991
• Crime rates are higher in the west and highest in the north
• Canada's incarceration rate is high relative to most western European countries
• The rate of adults charged has declined since 1982
• Administration of justice charges account for 24% of charges in adult courts
• Victimization rates for theft of personal property have increased
• The majority of victims of violent crime are under 30
• Most adult custodial sentences ordered by the court are short
• Relatively few crimes result in sentences to federal penitentiaries
• The rate of youth charged peaked in 1991 and has declined steadily since
• The most common youth court case is theft
• Fewer youth are receiving custodial sentences under the YCJA

Section B: Corrections Administration

• Federal expenditures on corrections increased in 2006-07
• CSC employees are concentrated in custody centres
• The cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated has increased
• The number of National Parole Board employees
• The number of employees in the Office of the Correctional Investigator
• Health care is the most common area of offender complaint  received by the Office of the Correctional Investigator

Section C: Offender Population

• Federal offenders under the jurisdiction of Correctional Service of Canada
• The number of incarcerated federal offenders increased in 2007-08
• The number of admissions to federal jurisdiction has increased over the past decade
• The number of women admitted from the courts to federal jurisdiction increased over the past decade
• Offender age at admission to federal jurisdiction is increasing
• The average age at admission is lower for Aboriginal offenders than for non-Aboriginal offenders
• 17% of the federal incarcerated offender population is age 50 or over
• 68% of federal offenders are Caucasian
• The religious identification of the offender population is diverse
• 11% of federal offenders have a mental health diagnosis at admission
• The proportion of Aboriginal offenders incarcerated is higher than for non-Aboriginal offenders
• The majority of incarcerated federal offenders are classified as medium security risk
• Admissions with a life or indeterminate sentence stabilized over the last three years
• Offenders with Life or Indeterminate sentences represent 21% of the total offender population
• 68% of federal offenders are serving a sentence for a violent offence
• The number of federal Aboriginal offenders is increasing
• The number of offender deaths while in federal custody has fluctuated
• The number of escapes has decreased
• The supervised federal offender population in the community has decreased in the last decade
• Conditional Sentences have increased the provincial/territorial community corrections population
• The number of offenders on provincial parole has increased

Section D: Conditional Release

• The federal parole grant rate has stabilized
• The federal parole grant rate for Aboriginal offenders increased last year
• Federal parole hearings involving an Aboriginal Cultural Advisor decreased for the second year
• Offenders granted full parole serve about 40% of their sentence prior to starting full parole
• Aboriginal offenders serve a higher proportion of their sentences before being released on parole
• Women serve a lower proportion of their sentences than men before being released on parole
• A large majority of federal day paroles are successfully completed
• The majority of federal full paroles are successfully completed
• The majority of statutory releases are successfully completed
• Over the past decade, the rate of violent conviction for offenders while under supervision has declined
• Over 23% of offenders serving determinate sentences were not reviewed for parole
• The number of offenders granted temporary absences has decreased since 1998-99

Section E: Statistics on Special Applications of Criminal Justice

• The number of detention reviews has fluctuated over the past five years
• 83% of judicial review hearings result in earlier parole eligibility
• The number of dangerous offender designations increased in 2007-08
• Most long term supervision orders are for a 10-year period
• The number of pardon applications processed has increased

Section A: Context - Crime and the Criminal Justice System

Police-reported crime rate has been decreasing since 1991

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• The crime rate increased during the 1980's and has steadily decreased since.
• The property crime rate in 2007 was 41% lower than in 1983 and 46% lower since peaking in 1991.
• Violent crime peaked in 1992, gradually decreased until 2004. After two years of small increases, the violent crime rate decreased 2.5% last year.

Note:
Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction and robbery.
Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle thefts, other thefts, possession of stolen goods and fraud.
These crime statistics are based on crimes that are reported to the police. Since not all crimes are reported to the police, these figures underestimate actual crime. See Figure A6 for rates based on victimization surveys (drawn from the General Social Survey), an alternative method of measuring crime.

Police-Reported crime rate has been decreasing since 1991

Year	Type of Offence
	Property	Violent	Other CCC	Total
1983	5,608	679	2,182	8,470
1984	5,501	701	2,185	8,387
1985	5,451	735	2,227	8,413
1986	5,550	785	2,392	8,727
1987	5,553	829	2,575	8,957
1988	5,439	868	2,613	8,919
1989	5,289	911	2,692	8,892
1990	5,612	973	2,900	9,485
1991	6,160	1,059	3,122	10,342
1992	5,904	1,084	3,052	10,040
1993	5,575	1,082	2,881	9,538
1994	5,257	1,047	2,821	9,125
1995	5,292	1,009	2,707	9,008
1996	5,274	1,002	2,656	8,932
1997	4,880	993	2,603	8,475
1998	4,569	982	2,610	8,161
1999	4,276	958	2,518	7,752
2000	4,081	984	2,601	7,666
2001	4,004	984	2,668	7,655
2002	3,973	969	2,764	7,706
2003	4,121	965	3,057	8,142
2004	3,969	944	3,247	8,161
2005	3,736	949	3,085	7,769
2006	3,596	954	2,993	7,543
2007	3,320	930	2,734	6,984

Source: Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
Rates are based on incidents reported per 100,000 population.
Due to rounding, rates may not add to Totals.

Crime Rates are Higher in the West and Highest in the North

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• Crime rates are higher in the west and highest in the Territories. This general pattern has been stable over time.
• The Canadian crime rate dropped from 7,543 in 2006 to 6,984 in 2007.

Note:
The crime rate represents all Criminal Code incidents excluding traffic violations and other federal statutes, such as drug offences.

Crime Rates are Higher in the West and Highest in the North

Province/Territory	Crime Rate
	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Newfoundland & Labrador	6,248	6,351	6,156	6,149	6,346
Prince Edward Island	8,691	8,250	7,658	6,808	5,982
Nova Scotia	8,611	8,791	8,206	8,081	7,456
New Brunswick	7,101	7,307	6,425	5,995	5,502
Quebec	6,481	6,329	6,065	5,913	5,317
Ontario	6,008	6,048	6,048	5,722	5,228
Manitoba	12,562	12,752	11,838	11,670	10,829
Saskatchewan	15,444	15,189	14,233	13,706	13,225
Alberta	10,309	10,491	10,068	9,600	9,237
British Columbia	12,482	12,539	11,936	11,388	10,433
Yukon	26,490	23,660	22,779	20,621	21,317
Northwest Territories	37,681	42,179	43,367	41,209	43,762
Nunavut	35,104	36,907	35,178	31,602	29,917
Canada	8,142	8,161	7,769	7,543	6,984

Source: Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
Rates are based on 100,000 population.
The crime rate represents all Criminal Code incidents excluding traffic violations and other federal statutes, such as drug offences.

Canada's Incarceration Rate is High Relative to most Western European Countries

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Source: World Prison Brief, International Centre for Prison Studies, retrieved October 2008 from www.prisonstudies.org.

• Canada's incarceration rate is higher than the rates in most Western European countries but much lower than the United States, which had an incarceration rate of 762 per 100,000 general population in 2007-08.
• The incarceration rate in Canada has decreased 18% from 131 per 100,000 in 1996 to 108 per 100,000 in 2007-08, whereas most Western European rates have remained stable or increased during the same time period.

Note:
The incarceration rate, in this figure, is a measure of the number of people (i.e., adults and youth) in custody per 100,000 people in the general population. Incarceration rates available from the World Prison Brief are based on the most recently available data from 2007 or 2008. Different practice and variations in measurement in different countries limit the comparability of these figures.

Canada's incarceration rate is high relative to most Western European countries

	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2007-08*
United States	618	649	682	682	699	700	701	714	723	762
New Zealand	127	137	150	149	149	145	155	168	168	185
Scotland	101	119	119	118	115	120	129	132	136	155
England & Wales	107	120	125	125	124	125	141	142	141	153
Australia	--	95	110	108	108	110	115	117	120	130
Canada	131	126	123	118	116	116	116	108	107	108
Austria	84	86	86	85	84	85	100	106	110	95
Germany	83	90	96	97	97	95	98	96	98	91
France	90	90	88	91	89	80	93	91	91	91
Italy	85	86	85	89	94	95	100	98	96	83
Switzerland	85	88	85	81	79	90	68	81	81	76
Sweden	65	59	60	59	64	65	73	75	81	74
Norway	52	53	57	56	--	60	59	65	65	69
Finland	58	56	54	46	52	50	70	71	66	64
Denmark	61	62	64	66	61	60	64	70	70	63

Source: World Prison Brief, International Centre for Prison Studies, retrieved October 2008 from www.prisonstudies.org.

Note:
*Incarceration rates available from the World Prison Brief are based on the most recently available data from 2007 or 2008.
Rates are based on 100,000 population.
-- Figures not available.

The Rate of Adults Charged has Declined Since 1982

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Source:  Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• The rate of adults charged declined steadily from 1991 to 1999, and has fluctuated since. 
• The rate of women charged with violent crimes rose almost fourfold between 1981 and 2001, and then leveled off at approximately 150 women charged per 100,000 women in the population. In comparison, the rate of men charged with violent crime increased almost 2.5 times between 1982 and 1993 when it peaked at 930 men charged per 100,000 men in the population. The rate for men has since decreased to approximately 800 in 2007. 

Note:
Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction and robbery.
Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle thefts, other thefts, possession of stolen goods and fraud.
Total charged includes adults charged under the Criminal Code as well as adults charged under other Federal Statutes such as the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the Fisheries Act, the Customs Act, the Indian Act and the Employment Insurance Act but excludes provincial statute offences and municipal by-laws.

The Rate of Adults Charged has Declined Since 1982

Criminal Code				Federal Statutes
	Violent	Property	Other CCC	Total CCC	Drugs	Other*	Total Charged**
1983	347	1,182	645	2,174	218	81	2,473
1984	363	1,122	620	2,104	203	57	2,364
1985	374	1,007	582	1,963	194	41	2,199
1986	405	974	641	2,021	190	43	2,254
1987	439	962	683	2,085	198	40	2,323
1988	462	941	684	2,087	195	43	2,324
1989	489	880	677	2,047	217	44	2,308
1990	529	905	683	2,118	198	38	2,354
1991	582	968	732	2,282	194	40	2,516
1992	587	925	713	2,225	198	50	2,474
1993	596	839	677	2,112	183	51	2,345
1994	573	739	619	1,932	178	42	2,152
1995	530	719	597	1,846	171	36	2,053
1996	523	727	579	1,829	172	29	2,030
1997	510	651	552	1,713	158	26	1,896
1998	494	615	561	1,670	168	24	1,862
1999	479	569	570	1,618	185	30	1,833
2000	496	528	593	1,617	198	26	1,842
2001	517	522	638	1,677	202	28	1,907
2002	499	507	640	1,645	199	29	1,873
2003	481	514	649	1,643	172	23	1,839
2004	468	514	661	1,643	187	30	1,860
2005	470	490	651	1,612	184	29	1,825
2006	476	471	671	1,618	197	27	1,842
2007	462	437	657	1,556	208	27	1,792

Source:  Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
*Examples of other Federal Statutes include: the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the Fisheries Act, the Customs Act, the Indian Act and the Employment Insurance Act.
**Total charged excludes provincial statute offences and municipal by-laws.
Rates are based on 100,000 population, 18 years of age and older.
Due to rounding, rates may not add to Totals.

Administration of Justice Charges Account for 24% of Charges in Adult Courts

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Source:  Adult Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• Administration of justice charges (offences related to case proceedings such as failure to appear in court, failure to comply with a court order, breach of probation, and unlawfully at large) account for almost one quarter of charges before the courts. 
• Apart from charges of administration of justice, impaired driving, which has decreased in each of the last three years, is the most frequent federal statute charge in adult courts.

Note:
The concept of a case has changed from previous editions of this report to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Adult Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to those in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

The Rate of Adults Charged has Declined Since 1982

Type of Charge	Criminal Code and Other Federal Statute Charges
	2004-2005		2005-2006		2006-2007
	#	%	#	%	#	%
Crimes Against the Person	228,606	22.53	246,687	23.36	251,371	23.41
Homicide and Related	421	0.04	448	0.04	483	0.04
Attempted Murder	525	0.05	633	0.06	589	0.05
Robbery	9,606	0.95	9,906	0.94	10,090	0.94
Sexual Assault	8,152	0.80	7,890	0.75	8,439	0.79
Other Sexual Offences	5,037	0.50	4,663	0.44	4,652	0.43
Major Assault (Levels 2 & 3)	41,089	4.05	44,405	4.20	44,957	4.19
Common Assault (Level 1)	79,127	7.80	84,580	8.01	84,965	7.91
Uttering Threats	41,783	4.12	45,120	4.27	44,667	4.16
Criminal Harassment	7,226	0.71	7,419	0.70	7,690	0.72
Weapons	28,489	2.81	33,940	3.21	36,325	3.38
Other Crimes Against Persons	7,151	0.70	7,683	0.73	8,514	0.79
Crimes Against Property	273,256	26.93	264,837	25.07	263,541	24.54
Theft	83,032	8.18	79,888	7.56	80,138	7.46
Break and Enter	29,680	2.93	28,842	2.73	28,680	2.67
Fraud	65,357	6.44	63,254	5.99	63,237	5.89
Mischief	34,096	3.36	34,581	3.27	36,051	3.36
Possession of Stolen Property	57,634	5.68	55,504	5.26	53,187	4.95
Other Property Crimes	3,457	0.34	2,768	0.26	2,248	0.21
Administration of Justice	227,503	22.42	247,120	23.40	257,112	23.95
Fail to Appear	24,014	2.37	23,421	2.22	23,377	2.18
Breach of probation	79,775	7.86	87,289	8.26	90,675	8.44
Unlawfully at large	6,924	0.68	5,708	0.54	5,827	0.54
Fail to Comply with Order	111,303	10.97	124,734	11.81	131,018	12.20
Other Admin. Justice	5,487	0.54	5,968	0.57	6,215	0.58
Other Criminal Code	58,532	5.77	71,057	6.73	74,033	6.89
Prostitution	3,727	0.37	3,346	0.32	3,616	0.34
Disturbing the Peace	6,307	0.62	6,172	0.58	6,207	0.58
Residual Criminal Code	48,498	4.78	61,539	5.83	64,210	5.98
Criminal Code Traffic	122,816	12.11	121,361	11.49	117,288	10.92
Impaired Driving	101,672	10.02	99,672	9.44	95,503	8.89
Other CC Traffic	21,144	2.08	21,689	2.05	21,785	2.03
Other Federal Statutes	103,863	10.24	105,150	9.96	110,392	10.28
Drug Possession	30,676	3.02	32,715	3.10	35,001	3.26
Drug Trafficking	25,757	2.54	25,520	2.42	26,910	2.51
Residual Federal Statutes	47,430	4.67	46,915	4.44	48,481	4.52
Total Offences	1,014,576	100.00	1,056,212	100.00	1,073,737	100.00

Source:  Adult Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
Weapons have been included under "Crimes Against the Person" in this report.  The Adult Criminal Court Survey groups these offences under "Other Criminal Code". Table excludes Youth Criminal Justice Act/Young Offenders Act offences. The Adult Criminal Court Survey groups these offences under "Other Federal Statutes". Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100 percent. Data from this survey are not nationally comprehensive as they do not include Manitoba for years prior to 2005-06, or Northwest Territories in 2003-04. In addition, Superior Court data are not reported to the Adult Criminal Court Survey for Quebec, Ontario and Saskatchewan. The concept of a case has changed from previous editions of this report to more closely reflect court processing. Statistics from the Adult Criminal Court Survey used in this report should not be compared to those in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Victimization Rates for Theft of Personal Property Have Increased

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Source: General Social Survey, Statistics Canada, 1999 and 2004.

• Victimization rates for theft of personal property were higher in 2004 than in 1999.
• Rates of victimization for assault were slightly lower in 2004 than in 1999.

Note:
*Assault data includes incidents of spousal violence. In previous editions of this document, the victimization data excluded incidents of spousal violence.
The next General Social Survey is in 2009.
Rates are based on 1,000 population, 15 years of age and older.

Victimization Rates for Theft of Personal Property Have Increased

Type of Incident	Year
	1999	2004
Theft of Personal Property	75	93
Sexual Assault	21	21
Robbery	9	11
Assault*	81	75

Source:  General Social Survey, Statistics Canada, 1999 and 2004.

Note:
*Assault data includes incidents of spousal violence. In previous editions of this document, the victimization data excluded incidents of spousal violence.
The next General Social Survey is in 2009.
Rates are based on 1,000 population, 15 years of age and older.

The Majority of Victims of Violent Crime are Under 30

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Source:  Incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• More than half (54.3%) of all victims of violent crime reported in 2007 were under the age of 30, whereas 37.5% of the Canadian population is under the age of 30.
• Females aged 20 to 44 years were more likely than males of that age to be victims of a violent crime.
• Canadians aged 65 and older who account for 13.5% of the general population, represent 1.9% of victims.

Note:
Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction, robbery and traffic offences causing bodily harm and death.
The data do not represent 100% coverage.  As of December 31, 2007, there were 951 police departments and detachments reporting full-year data to the Incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey and they represented approximately 93.8% of the population of Canada.  The data excludes 4,236 cases where age was unknown, 2,428 cases where sex was unknown and 475 cases where both age and sex were unknown.
Due to rounding, totals may not add to 100 percent. 

The Majority of Victims of Violent Crime are Under 30

Age of Victim	Males		Females		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%
0 to 4 years	1,548	0.9	1,694	1.0	3,242	1.0
5 to 9 years	3,890	2.3	3,571	2.2	7,461	2.2
10 to 14 years	14,753	8.9	12,521	7.5	27,274	8.2
15 to 19 years	28,010	16.9	27,130	16.4	55,140	16.6
20 to 24 years	23,488	14.1	25,620	15.4	49,108	14.8
25 to 29 years	18,221	11.0	19,977	12.0	38,198	11.5
30 to 34 years	15,138	9.1	17,051	10.3	32,189	9.7
35 to 39 years	14,802	8.9	16,536	10.0	31,338	9.4
40 to 44 years	14,560	8.8	15,093	9.1	29,653	8.9
45 to 49 years	12,020	7.2	11,253	6.8	23,273	7.0
50 to 54 years	8,129	4.9	6,655	4.0	14,784	4.5
55 to 59 years	5,199	3.1	3,731	2.2	8,930	2.7
60 to 64 years	2,974	1.8	2,111	1.3	5,085	1.5
65 to 69 years	1,568	0.9	1,147	0.7	2,715	0.8
70 to 74 years	866	0.5	697	0.4	1,563	0.5
75 and over	1,025	0.6	1,136	0.7	2,161	0.7
Total	166,191	100.0	165,923	100.0	332,114	100.0

Source:  Incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
The data do not represent 100% coverage.  As of December 31, 2007, there were 951 police departments and detachments reporting full-year data to the Incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey and they represented approximately 93.8% of the population of Canada.  The data excludes 4,236 cases where age was unknown, 2,428 cases where sex was unknown and 475 cases where both age and sex were unknown.
Due to rounding, totals may not add to 100 percent.  

Most Adult Custodial Sentences Ordered by the Court are Short

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Source:  Adult Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

• Over half (54.6%) of all custodial sentences imposed by adult courts are less than one month.
• Prison sentences for men tend to be longer than for women.  Over two-thirds (69.9%) of women and just over half of men (52.9%) who are incarcerated upon conviction receive a sentence of one month or less, and 92.1% of women and 85.1% of men receive a sentence of six months or less.
• Of all convictions that result in custody, only 4.2% result in federal jurisdiction (i.e., a sentence of two years or more).

Note:
Due to rounding, totals may not add to 100 percent.
Excludes cases where length of prison sentence was not known.
Data from this survey are not nationally comprehensive as they do not include Manitoba for any years prior to 2005-06, Northwest Territories for 2001-02, 2002-03 and 2003-04 and Nunavut for 2001-02. In addition, Superior Court data are not reported to the Adult Criminal Court Survey for Quebec, Ontario and Saskatchewan. The concept of case has changed in the Adult Criminal Court Survey to more closely reflect court processing. As a result, these figures should not be compared to the court statistics reported in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Most Adult Custodial Sentences Ordered by the Court are Short

Length of Prison Sentence	2002-03	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07
	%	%	%	%	%
1 Month or Less
Women	65.2	68.0	68.3	68.7	69.9
Men	50.8	51.7	52.1	52.4	52.9
Total	52.2	53.3	53.7	54.2	54.6
More Than 1 Month to 6 Months
Women	21.5	19.9	22.6	22.9	22.2
Men	31.9	31.5	32.5	32.5	32.2
Total	30.9	30.4	31.5	31.5	31.1
More Than 6 Months to 12 Months
Women	3.3	2.4	4.6	3.9	4.0
Men	5.8	5.6	6.7	6.8	6.8
Total	5.6	5.3	6.5	6.5	6.7
More Than 1 Year to Less Than 2 Years
Women	1.7	1.4	1.7	1.9	1.9
Men	2.8	2.9	3.6	3.7	3.6
Total	2.7	2.8	3.4	3.5	3.5
2 Years or More
Women	1.7	2.2	2.0	2.1	2.0
Men	4.0	4.3	4.5	4.2	4.5
Total	3.8	4.1	4.3	4.0	4.2

Source:  Adult Criminal Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
Due to rounding, totals may not add to 100 percent.
Excludes cases where length of prison sentence was not known.
Data from this survey are not nationally comprehensive as they do not include Manitoba for any years prior to 2005-06, Northwest Territories for 2001-02, 2002-03 and 2003-04 and Nunavut for 2001-02. In addition, Superior Court data are not reported to the Adult Criminal Court Survey for Quebec, Ontario and Saskatchewan. The concept of case has changed in the Adult Criminal Court Survey to more closely reflect court processing. As a result, these figures should not be compared to the court statistics reported in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Relativly few crimes result in sentences to federal Penitentiaries

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• There were about 2.7 million crimes reported to police in 2007.
• During 2007-08, 5,007 offenders were sentenced to federal jurisdiction (i.e., two years or more).

Note:
*This figure only includes provincial court convictions and partial data from Superior Court. The concept of case has changed in the Adult Criminal Court Survey to more closely reflect court processing. As a result, these figures should not be compared to the court statistics reported in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.
Police data are reported on a calendar year basis whereas court and prison data are reported on a fiscal year basis (April 1 through March 31).

Relativly few crimes result in sentences to federal Penitentiaries

	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08
Total Number of Offences Reported to Police1	2,819,346	2,863,255	2,756,880	2,709,496	2,564,951
Estimated Convictions in Adult Court1*	232,410	238,456	244,572	242,988	Not available
Sentenced Admissions to Provincial/Territorial Custody1	81,005	78,351	78,081	Not available	Not available
Warrant of Committal Admissions to Federal Facilities2	4,226	4,555	4,787	5,122	5,007

Source: ¹Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Adult Criminal Court Survey and Adult Corrections Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada; ²Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
^*This figure only includes provincial court convictions and partial data from Superior Court. The concept of case has changed in the Adult Criminal Court Survey to more closely reflect court processing. As a result, these figures should not be compared to the court statistics reported in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.
Police data are reported on a calendar year basis whereas court and prison data are reported on a fiscal year basis (April 1 through March 31).

The Rate of Youth Charged Peaked in 1991 and has Declined Steadily Since

Click to enlarge image

• The rate of youth* charged has decreased since 1991.
• In 2003, there was a notable decrease in all major crime categories, in part attributable to the implementation of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) in April 2003, which places greater emphasis on diversion. In 2007, there was a 2% increase in the rate of youth charged by police. However, the rate of youth cleared by other means, such as diversion programs, declined 4%.

Note:
*For criminal justice purposes, youth are defined under Canadian law as persons aged 12 to 17 years.
Violent crimes include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual offences, abduction and robbery.
Property crimes include break and enter, motor vehicle thefts, other thefts, possession of stolen goods and fraud.
In 2007, 42% of all youths charged with violent crimes were charged with assault level 1 (minor assault).

The Rate of Youth Charged Peaked in 1991 and has Declined Steadily Since

Type of Offence
Year	Violent			Property			Other CCC			Total
	Female	Male	Total	Female	Male	Total	Female	Male	Total	Female	Male	Total
1988	209	794	509	1,112	5,395	3,306	353	1,760	1,074	1,674	7,949	4,889
1989	246	964	614	1,239	5,455	3,401	387	1,880	1,153	1,872	8,299	5,168
1990	299	1,071	696	1,396	5,906	3,712	381	1,980	1,202	2,076	8,957	5,610
1991	349	1,290	832	1,564	6,367	4,031	473	2,270	1,396	2,386	9,926	6,258
1992	384	1,329	869	1,522	5,622	3,629	504	2,199	1,375	2,409	9,150	5,874
1993	450	1,369	923	1,392	4,951	3,221	484	2,086	1,307	2,326	8,406	5,450
1994	426	1,383	918	1,244	4,514	2,924	442	1,984	1,234	2,112	7,882	5,077
1995	444	1,411	941	1,307	4,323	2,856	493	1,992	1,263	2,244	7,727	5,061
1996	452	1,387	932	1,257	4,186	2,761	522	1,939	1,250	2,231	7,512	4,943
1997	473	1,321	908	1,068	3,640	2,389	535	1,911	1,242	2,076	6,871	4,539
1998	473	1,307	902	999	3,332	2,198	568	1,925	1,266	2,041	6,564	4,365
1999	441	1,247	855	900	2,935	1,945	537	1,875	1,224	1,878	6,056	4,025
2000	476	1,331	915	892	2,795	1,869	567	1,976	1,291	1,935	6,101	4,075
2001	502	1,369	947	902	2,673	1,811	628	2,053	1,359	2,032	6,095	4,117
2002	505	1,313	919	891	2,495	1,714	595	1,939	1,284	1,991	5,7469	3,917
2003	427	1,166	805	582	2,076	1,348	496	1,716	1,121	1,504	4,957	3,274
2004	419	1,121	779	499	1,829	1,180	496	1,636	1,080	1,414	4,586	3,039
2005	410	1,154	791	459	1,631	1,059	456	1,617	1,051	1,326	4,402	2,902
2006	412	1,152	792	477	1,491	997	468	1,639	1,068	1,358	4,282	2,857
2007	434	1,200	827	495	1,434	977	500	1,708	1,120	1,430	4,342	2,923

Source: Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
*For criminal justice purposes, youth are defined under Canadian law as persons aged 12 to 17 years.
Rates for "Total" are based on 100,000 youth population (12 to 17 years).
Rates for "Females" are based on 100,000 female youth population (12 to 17 years) and rates for "Males" are based on 100,000 male youth population (12 to 17 years).

The Most Common Youth Court Case is Theft

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• Following the enactment of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in 2003, fewer youth are in court.
• Theft is the most common case in youth court.
• Homicides and related offences account for 0.1% of all youth cases.
• Females account for 22% of all cases, but they account for 35% of common assaults.

Note:
*Youth Criminal Justice Act offences include failure to comply with a disposition or undertaking, contempt against youth court, assisting a youth to leave a place of custody and harbouring a youth unlawfully at large. Also included are similar offences under the Young Offenders Act, which preceded the Youth Criminal Justice Act. 
**"Administration of Justice" category includes the offences failure to appear, failure to comply, breach of recognizance, escape and unlawfully at large.
The concept of a case has changed in the Youth Court Survey to more closely reflect court processing. As a result, these figures should not be compared to the youth court statistics reported in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

The Most Common Youth Court Case is Theft

Type of Case	Number of Youth Court Cases
	2002-03	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07
Crimes Against the Person	20,342	18,570	16,988	17,005	17,122
Common Assault	7,440	6,768	5,953	5,940	5,682
Major Assault	3,892	3,633	3,400	3,488	3,435
Robbery	2,598	2,227	2,021	1,990	2,228
Weapons / Firearms / Explosives	1,896	1,854	1,861	1,839	1,996
Sexual Assault / Sexual Offences	1,499	1,451	1,305	1,252	1,165
Homicide and Related Offences	75	66	61	56	63
Other Crimes Against the Person	2,942	2,571	2,387	2,440	2,553
Crimes Against Property	31,359	25,532	22,722	21,522	21,279
Theft	12,413	9,211	7,977	7,503	7,687
Break and Enter	7,344	6,653	6,087	5,607	5,066
Possession of Stolen Goods	5,218	4,262	3,680	3,504	3,505
Mischief	4,647	3,765	3,557	3,728	3,878
Fraud	1,345	1,181	1,009	827	817
Other Crimes Against Property	392	460	412	353	326
Administration of Justice	5,924	5,186	4,904	4,793	4,945
Escape / Unlawfully at Large	1,131	889	666	596	549
Other Administration of Justice*	4,793	4,297	4,238	4,197	4,396
Other Criminal Code	4,119	3,819	3,475	3,558	3,558
Prostitution	28	27	11	26	19
Disturbing the Peace	363	260	230	228	244
Impaired Driving / Other CC traffic	1,329	1,216	1,136	1,049	1,086
Residual Criminal Code	2,399	2,316	2,098	2,255	2,212
Other Federal Statutes	14,409	10,895	9,499	9,393	9,556
Drug Possession	3,899	2,214	2,198	2,236	2,430
Drug Trafficking	1,635	1,427	1,309	1,243	1,305
Youth Criminal Justice Act**	8,678	7,118	5,828	4,966	4,795
Residual Federal Statutes	197	136	164	948	1,026
Total	76,153	64,002	57,588	56,271	56,463

Source:  Youth Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
*"Other Administration of Justice" includes the offences failure to appear, failure to comply, and breach of recognizance. 
**Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) offences include failure to comply with a disposition or undertaking, contempt against youth court, assisting a youth to leave a place of custody and harbouring a youth unlawfully at large. Also included are similar offences under the Young Offenders Act, which preceded the Youth Criminal Justice Act. 
The concept of a case has changed in the Youth Court Survey to more closely reflect court processing. As a result, these figures should not be compared to the youth court statistics reported in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.  

Fewer youth are receiving custodial sentences under the YCJA

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• Consistent with the objectives of the YCJA, fewer youth are sentenced to custody.  In 2006-07, about 17% of all guilty cases resulted in the youth being sentenced to custody.  This compares to 27% of all guilty cases in 2002-03.
• In 2006-07, 59% of youth found guilty were given probation, down from 70% in 2002-03, the last year of the Young Offenders Act.
• Of the new YCJA sentences, deferred custody and supervision orders were handed down the most frequently.  In 2006-07, 3.3% of all guilty cases received such an order.  

Note:
*"Other" includes absolute discharge, restitution, prohibition, seizure, forfeiture, compensation, pay purchaser, essays, apologies, counseling programs and conditional discharge. Commencing in 2003-04, it also includes conditional sentence, intensive support and supervision, attendance at non-residential program and reprimand.
The concept of a case has changed in the Youth Court Survey to more closely reflect court processing. As a result, these figures should not be compared to the youth court statistics reported in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Fewer youth are receiving custodial sentences under the YCJA

Type of Disposition	Gender	Year
		2002-03	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07
		%	%	%	%	%
Probation	Female	70.0	61.0	60.1	59.6	57.4
	Male	70.1	63.8	63.1	61.1	59.5
	Total	70.0	63.2	62.4	60.1	59.1
Custody	Female	22.6	17.0	16.2	15.3	13.5
	Male	28.1	23.4	22.4	19.9	18.1
	Total	26.9	22.1	21.1	18.4	17.2
Community Service Order	Female	26.6	26.0	25.6	23.9	22.3
	Male	27.2	27.7	27.7	26.1	25.1
	Total	27.1	27.4	27.2	24.8	24.5
Fine	Female	5.2	5.2	4.9	4.1	4.0
	Male	7.3	6.4	6.0	5.8	5.8
	Total	6.9	6.2	5.8	5.5	5.5
Deferred Custody and Supervision	Female	0.0	1.0	2.7	3.0	2.5
	Male	0.0	1.5	3.0	3.7	3.5
	Total	0.0	1.4	3.0	3.5	3.3
Other*	Female	28.4	34.2	40.1	37.4	36.8
	Male	31.1	35.6	42.1	41.0	40.3
	Total	28.4	35.3	41.8	38.9	39.6

Source:  Youth Court Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
*"Other" includes absolute discharge, restitution, prohibition, seizure, forfeiture, compensation, pay purchaser, essays, apologies, counseling programs and conditional discharge. Commencing in 2003-04, it also includes conditional sentence, intensive support and supervision, attendance at a non-residential program and reprimand.
The concept of a case has changed in the Youth Court Survey to more closely reflect court processing. As a result, these figures should not be compared to the youth court statistics reported in previous editions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview.

Section B: Corrections Administration

Federal Expenditures on corrections increased in 2006-07

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• In 2006-07, expenditures on federal corrections in Canada totaled about $1.91 billion.
• Federal expenditures on corrections, in constant dollars, increased 11.3% from 2002-03 to 2006-07.
• The per capita cost adjusted for inflation was lower in 2002-03 than in 2006-07.
• Federal correctional expenditures represent less than 1% of the total federal government budget.
• Provincial/territorial expenditures totaled just over $1.39 billion in 2005-06 (see Adult Correctional Services Survey, Statistics Canada). 

Note:
Federal expenditures on corrections include the spending by the Correctional Service Canada (CSC), the National Parole Board (NPB) and the Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI).  The expenditures for the CSC include both operating and capital costs. CSC expenditures exclude CORCAN (a Special Operating Agency that conducts industrial operations within penitentiaries).
Constant dollars represent dollar amounts calculated on a one-year base (2002) that adjusts for inflation allowing the yearly amounts to be directly comparable.  Changes in the Consumer Price Index were used to calculate constant dollars.

Federal Expenditures on corrections increased in 2006-07

Year	Current Dollars				Constant 2002 Dollars
	Operating	Capital	Total	Per capita	Operating	Capital	Total	Per capita
	$'000			$	$'000			$
2002-03
CSC	1,412,455	125,955	1,538,410	49.04	1,412,455	125,955	1,538,410	49.04
NPB	36,500	--	36,500	1.16	36,500	--	36,500	1.16
OCI	2,732	--	2,732	0.09	2,732	--	2,732	0.09
Total	1,451,687	125,955	1,577,642	50.29	1,451,687	125,955	1,577,642	50.29
2003-04
CSC	1,411,746	110,530	1,522,276	48.06	1,373,294	107,519	1,480,813	46.75
NPB	35,600	--	35,600	1.13	34,728	--	34,728	1.10
OCI	2,431	--	2,431	0.08	2,365	--	2,365	0.07
Total	1,449,777	110,530	1,560,307	49.26	1,410,386	107,519	1,517,906	47.92
2004-05
CSC	1,480,721	105,893	1,586,614	49.59	1,414,251	1,014,139	1,515,391	47.36
NPB	41,100	--	41,100	1.29	39,351	--	39,351	1.23
OCI	2,871	--	2,871	0.09	2,742	--	2,742	0.09
Total	1,524,692	105,893	1,630,585	50.97	1,456,344	1,014,139	1,557,483	48.68
2005-06
CSC	1,533,498	116,843	1,650,341	51.08	1,433,176	109,199	1,542,375	47.73
NPB	42,800	--	42,800	1.32	39,780	--	39,780	1.22
OCI	3,115	--	3,115	0.10	2,911	--	2,911	0.09
Total	1,579,413	116,843	1,696,256	52.50	1,476,087	109,199	1,585,286	49.06
2006-07
CSC	1,743,847	124,538	1,868,386	57.23	1,598,393	114,150	1,712,544	52.45
NPB	43,400	--	43,400	1.33	39,780	--	39,780	1.22
OCI	3,100	--	3,100	0.09	2,841	--	2,841	0.09
Total	1,790,347	124,538	1,914,886	58.65	1,641,015	114,150	1,755,166	53.76

Source: Correctional Service Canada; National Parole Board; Office of the Correctional Investigator; Statistics Canada Consumer Price Index.

Note:
Due to rounding, constant dollar amounts may not add to "Total".
Per capita cost is calculated by dividing the total expenditures by the total Canadian population and thus represents the cost per Canadian for federal correctional services.
Constant dollars represent dollar amounts calculated on a one-year base (2002) that adjusts for inflation allowing the yearly amounts to be directly comparable.  Changes in the Consumer Price Index were used to calculate constant dollars.

CSC employees are concentrated in custody centres

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Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

• The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) has a total staff of about 15,400.**
• Approximately 77% of CSC staff work in institutions.
• Staff employed in community supervision account for 8% of the total.

Note:
*These parole officers are situated within institutions, with the responsibility of preparing offenders for release.
**CSC has changed its definition of employee. Previously the total number of employees included casual employees, employees on leave without pay and suspended employees. These categories have been removed from the total as of 2005-06. These numbers represent active employees as of March 31, 2008.  

CSC employees are concentrated in custody centres

Service Area	Number of Staff	Percent
Headquarters and Central Services	2,327	15.1
Administrative Support	1,956	12.7
Program Staff	86	0.6
Health Care Workers	123	0.8
Correctional Officers	22	0.1
Instructors/Supervisors	14	0.1
Other**	126	0.8
Custody Centres	11,841	76.8
Correctional Officers	6,165	40.0
Administrative Support	1,915	12.4
Health Care Workers	844	5.5
Parole Officers / Parole Supervisors*	707	4.6
Program Staff	741	4.8
Instructors/Supervisors	410	2.7
Other**	1,059	6.9
Community Supervision	1,257	8.1
Parole Officers / Parole Supervisors	664	4.3
Administrative Support	314	2.0
Program Staff	190	1.2
Health Care Workers	60	0.4
Correctional Officers	21	0.1
Other**	8	0.1
Total***	15,425	100.0

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
*These parole officers are situated within institutions, with the responsibility of preparing offenders for release.
**The "Other" category represents job classifications such as trades and food services.
***CSC has changed its definition of employee. Previously the total number of employees included casual employees, employees on leave without pay and suspended employees. These categories have been removed from the total as of 2005-06. These numbers represent active employees as of March 31, 2008.  Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100.

The cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated has increased

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• The federal average daily inmate cost has increased from $222 in 2002-03 to $255 in 2006-07. 
• In 2006-07, the annual average cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated was $93,030 per year, up from $81,206 per year in 2002-03.  In 2006-07, the annual average cost of keeping a male inmate incarcerated was $90,744 per year, whereas the annual average cost for incarcerating a woman was $166,830. 
• It costs substantially less to maintain an offender in the community than to keep that individual incarcerated ($23,076 per year versus $93,030 per year).

Note:
The average daily inmate cost includes those costs associated with the operation of the institutions such as salaries and employee benefit plan contributions, but excludes capital expenditures and expenditures related to CORCAN (a Special Operating Agency that conducts industrial operations within penitentiaries).
In 2001-02, the cost allocation methodology was refined to better reflect expenditures directly related to offenders.  In addition, the cost of keeping a woman incarcerated includes the cost of maximum security units for women co-located within institutions for men.

The cost of keeping an inmate incarcerated has increased

Categories	Annual Average Costs per Offender (current $)
	2002-03	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07
Incarcerated Offenders
Maximum Security (males only)	110,213	110,223	113,591	113,645	121,294
Medium Security (males only)	69,716	71,640	75,661	75,251	80,545
Minimum Security (males only)	69,239	74,431	83,643	82,676	83,297
Women's Facilities	169,399	150,867	166,642	170,684	166,830
Exchange of Services Agreements	54,450	56,393	65,932	71,605	77,428
Incarcerated Average	81,206	83,276	87,919	88,067	93,030
Offenders in the Community	20,478	20,698	20,320	23,105	23,076
Total Incarcerated and Community	64,464	65,991	68,216	71,004	74,261

Source: Public Accounts of Canada, Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
Exchange of Services Agreements are agreements that the Correctional Service of Canada has with the provinces and territories to cover costs associated with the provinces and territories providing services to federal offenders.
The Average Cost per Offender is calculated by dividing the total costs for the year by the average number of offenders in the institutions over the year.  The total cost includes money received from the provinces for maintaining provincial offenders in federal facilities. The average number of offenders includes the number of provincial offenders maintained in federal facilities.

The number of National Parole Board employees

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• The total number of full-time equivalents used by the National Parole Board increased since 1998-99.

Note:
Section 103 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act limits the National Parole Board to 45 full-time members.

The number of National Parole Board employees

Full-Time Equivalents
	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08
Strategic Outcome*
Conditional Release Decisions	264	296	305	278	288
Conditional Release Openess and Accountability	--	--	--	57	53
Pardon Decisions and Clemency Recommendations	28	40	65	32	36
Corporate Management	74	49	34	49	39
Total	366	385	404	416	416
Type of Employees
Full-time Board Members	43	41	43	40	41
Part-time Board Members	13	15	18	19	22
Staff	310	329	343	357	353
Total	366	385	404	416	416**

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
*As of 2006-07, the Receiver General and Treasury Board Secretariat reporting requirements have been changed from Business Line to Strategic Outcome. Consequently, data regarding Conditional Release Openess and Accountability is unavailable prior to 2006-07.
**The National Parole Board transferred the Information Technology function to Correctional Services of Canada effective April 1st, 2007. This represented a reduction of 23 full-time equivalents.
Section 103 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act limits the National Parole Board to 45 full-time members.

The number of employees in the Office of the Correctional Investigator

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• The total number of full-time equivalents at the Office of the Correctional Investigator has remained stable over the past four years.
• In 2007-08, close to 6,400 complaints/inquires* were received by the Office of the Correctional Investigator. 

Note:
*The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) may commence an investigation on receipt of a complaint by or on behalf of an offender or on its own initiative. Complaints are made by telephone, letter and during interviews with the OCI's investigative staff at federal correctional facilities. The dispositions in response to complaints involve a combination of internal responses (where the information or assistance sought by the offender can generally be provided by the OCI's investigative staff) and investigations (where, further to a review/analysis of law, policies and documentation, OCI investigative staff make an inquiry or several interventions with Correctional Service Canada and submit recommendations to address the complaint). Investigations vary considerably in terms of scope, complexity, duration and resources required.

The number of employees in the Office of the Correctional Investigator

Full-Time Equivalents
	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08
Type of Employees
Correctional Investigator	1	1	1	1	1
Senior Management	4	4	4	4	4
Investigative Services	16	13	13	13	13
Administrative Services	5	4	4	4	4
Legal Counsel/Advisor	1	1	1	1	1
Total	27	23	23	23	23

Source:  Office of the Correctional Investigator.

Health care is the most common area of offender complaint  received by the Office of the Correctional Investigator

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• There were 6,398 complaints/inquires* received at the Office of the Correctional Investigator in 2007-08.
• Health care (13.3%), institutional transfers (8.7%), and cell property (8.1%) accounted for 30% of all complaints.

Note:
*The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) may commence an investigation on receipt of a complaint by or on behalf of an offender or on its own initiative. Complaints are made by telephone, letter and during interviews with the OCI's investigative staff at federal correctional facilities. The dispositions in response to complaints involve a combination of internal responses (where the information or assistance sought by the offender can generally be provided by the OCI's investigative staff) and investigations (where, further to a review/analysis of law, policies and documentation, OCI investigative staff make an inquiry or several interventions with Correctional Service Canada and submit recommendations to address the complaint). Investigations vary considerably in terms of scope, complexity, duration and resources required.

Health care is  the most common area of offender complaint received by the Office of the Correctional Investigator

Category of Complaint	Number of Complaints*
	Year
	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08
	#	#	#	#	#
Health Care	750	891	913	916	849
Institutional Transfers	611	653	613	610	555
Cell Property	472	567	617	686	520
Administrative Segregation	379	468	467	453	406
Case Preparation for Decisions	295	348	410	429	379
Conditions of Confinement	354	330	427	374	350
Staff Performance	430	429	363	452	316
Visits	475	467	384	357	315
File Information	272	351	284	343	297
Grievance Procedures	280	378	293	296	264
Financial Matters	185	261	275	248	196
Telephone	165	211	195	180	189
Programs	202	220	291	239	180
Safety/Security of Offender	159	215	199	167	176
Security Classification	174	183	227	193	172
Employment	120	104	149	146	100
Cell Placement	127	93	118	128	79
Other**	1,189	1,234	1,046	1,155	852
Outside OCI's Terms of Reference	253	293	320	290	203
Total	6,892	7,696	7,591	7,662	6,398

Source:  Office of the Correctional Investigator.

Note:
*The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) may commence an investigation on receipt of a complaint by or on behalf of an offender or on its own initiative. Complaints are made by telephone, letter and during interviews with the OCI's investigative staff at federal correctional facilities. The dispositions in response to complaints involve a combination of internal responses (where the information or assistance sought by the offender can generally be provided by the OCI's investigative staff) and investigations (where, further to a review/analysis of law, policies and documentation, OCI investigative staff make an inquiry or several interventions with Correctional Service Canada and submit recommendations to address the complaint). Investigations vary considerably in terms of scope, complexity, duration and resources required.
**Other refers to other types of complaints not specified in the table and includes Claims Against the Crown, Community Programs/Supervision, Correspondence, Death or Serious Injury, General Decision/Implementation, Diet, Discipline, Discrimination, Food Services, Harassment, Health and Safety/Worksite, Ion Scan/Drug Dog, Mental Health, Methadone, Official Languages, Operation/Decisions of the OCI, Release Procedures, Request for Information, Search and Seizure, Sentence Administration/Calculation, Temporary Absence Decision, Urinalysis and Use of Force. 

Section C
Offender Population

Federal offenders under the jurisdiction of Correctional Service of Canada

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Definitions:

Total Offender Population includes male and female federal offenders who are incarcerated (serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions and those on temporary absence), offenders who are temporarily detained, actively supervised, on bail, escaped, unlawfully at large and those that have been deported.

Incarcerated includes male and female federal offenders serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions.

On Bail includes offenders on a judicial interim release; they have appealed their conviction or sentence and have been released to await the results of a new trial.

Actively Supervised includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole or statutory release, as well as those who are in the community on long-term supervision orders.

Community Supervision includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long term supervision order, as well as those who are temporarily detained or paroled for deportation.

Temporarily Detained includes offenders who are physically held in a provincial detention centre or a federal institution after being suspended for a breach of a parole condition or to prevent a breach of parole conditions.

Deported includes offenders for whom a deportation order has been issued by Citizenship and Immigration Canada.

Escaped includes offenders who have absconded from either a correctional facility or while on a temporary absence and whose whereabouts are unknown.

Unlawfully at Large includes offenders who have been released to the community on day parole, full parole, statutory release or a long term supervision order for whom a warrant for suspension has been issued, but has not yet been executed.

(as of April 13, 2008)

Federal offenders under the jurisdiction of Correctional Service of Canada

Status	Federal Offenders
	#		%
Incarcerated	13, 581		59.5
On Bail	77		0.3
Actively Supervised	6,977		30.6
Day Parole		1,059		4.6
Full Parole		3,543		15.5
Statutory Release		2,189		9.6
Long Term Supervision Order		186		0.8
Temporarily Detained, while on:	1,129		4.9
Day Parole		179		0.8
Full Parole		150		0.7
Statutory Release		777		3.4
Long Term Supervision Order		23		0.1
Deported	330		1.4
Escaped	131		0.6
Unlawfully At Large	606		2.7
Total	22, 831		100.0

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
It is possible for an offender under federal jurisdiction to serve his or her sentence in a provincial institution.  The data presented include these offenders as they are still under federal jurisdiction.  

The number of incarcerated federal offenders increased in 2007-08

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• Following consecutive decreases in the federal incarcerated offender population from 1998-99 to 2003-04, there were small increases in each of the last four years.
• The provincial/territorial sentenced offender population in custody decreased from 1997-98 to 2005-06 while the remand population increased during this period. Since 2005-06, the number of remanded inmates exceeded the number of sentenced inmates in provincial/territorial custody.

Note:
*The data reflect the number of offenders incarcerated at the end of each fiscal year.  A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.   
The term "incarcerated federal offenders" refers to those offenders serving a sentence of two years or more who are currently serving their sentence in a federal or provincial correctional facility.  These numbers include those offenders who are in the community on some form of temporary absence at the time of the count.  These numbers do not include those offenders who have had their supervision period suspended and are temporarily detained, those offenders who are on bail, or those offenders who have escaped and have not yet been recaptured at the time of the count.

The number of incarcerated federal offenders increased in 2007-08

Year	Incarcerated Offenders
	Provincial/Territorial2					Total
	Federal1	Sentenced	Remand	Other/Temporary Detention
1998-99	13,131	12,478	6,472	271	19,221	32,352
1999-00	12,816	11,438	6,665	548	18,651	31,467
2000-01	12,794	10,806	7,428	432	18,666	31,460
2001-02	12,663	10,931	7,980	351	19,262	31,925
2002-03	12,652	10,621	8,728	337	19,686	32,338
2003-04	12,413	9,851	9,177	342	19,370	31,783
2004-05	12,624	9,815	9,660	346	19,821	32,445
2005-06	12,671	9,800	10,754	302	20,856	33,527
2006-07	13,171	--	--	--	--	--
2007-08	13,581	--	--	--	--	--

Source:  ¹Correctional Service Canada; ²Adult Correctional Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
Incarcerated includes male and female federal offenders serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions.
The figures for federal offenders reflect yearly snapshots as of the last day of each fiscal year. A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year. The figures for provincial and territorial offenders reflect annual average counts.
-- Data not available.

The number of admissions to federal jurisdiction has increased over the past decade

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• The number of admissions increased 9.2% in the last 10 years from 7,815 to 8,531. During the same time period, the total federal offender population increased 3.3% from 22,108 to 22,831.
• Following increases in the number of warrant of committal admissions of 5.1% and 7.0% in 2005-6 and 2006-07, there was a decrease of 2.2% in 2007-08. 

Note:
*"Other" includes transfers from other jurisdictions (exchange of services), terminations, transfers from foreign countries, and admissions where a release is interrupted as a consequence of a new conviction.
These numbers refer to the federal jurisdiction admissions during each fiscal year and may be greater than the actual number of offenders admitted, since an individual offender may be admitted more than once in a given year.  A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.   

The number of admissions to federal jurisdiction increased over the past decade

Type of Admission	2003-04		2004-05		2005-06		2006-07		2007-08
	Women     Men		Women      Men		Women     Men		Women     Men		Women     Men
Warrant of Committal
1st Federal Sentence	202	2,722	217	3,026	240	3,162	276	3,411	274	3,358
All Others	35	1,267	20	1,292	35	1,350	42	1,393	33	1,342
Subtotal	237	3,989	237	4,318	275	4,512	318	4,804	307	4,700
Total	4,226		4,555		4,787		5,122		5,007
Revocations	139	3,081	153	3,090	162	3,125	156	3,218	147	3,210
Total	3,220		3,243		3,287		3,374		3,357
Other*	12	164	16	151	12	149	8	116	11	156
Total	176		167		161		124		167
	388	7,234	406	7,559	449	7,786	482	8,138	465	8,066
Total Admissions	7,622		7,965		8,235		8,620		8,531

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
*"Other" includes transfers from other jurisdictions through exchange of services, terminations, transfers from foreign countries, and admissions where a release is interrupted as a consequence of a new conviction.
These numbers refer to the federal jurisdiction admissions during each fiscal year and may be greater than the actual number of offenders admitted, since an individual offender may be admitted more than once in a given year.  A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.

The number of women admitted from the courts to federal jurisdiction increased over the past decade

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• In the last ten years, the number of women admitted to federal jurisdiction increased 32.3% from 232 in 1998-99 to 307 in 2007-08. During the same time period, there was an increase of 6.6% in the number of men admitted to federal jurisdiction.   
• The number of women admitted to federal jurisdiction under warrant of committal decreased from 318 in 2006-07 to 307 in 2007-08.
• Overall, women continue to represent a small proportion of the total number of admissions (i.e., 6.1% in 2007-08).
• As of April 13, 2008, there were 495 women incarcerated in Canada under federal jurisdiction.

Note:
A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

The number of women admitted from the courts to federal jurisdiction increased over the past decade

Year	Warrant of Committal Admissions				Total
	Women		Men
	#	%	#	%
1998-99	232	5.0	4,407	95.0	4,639
1999-00	227	5.2	4,122	94.8	4,349
2000-01	231	5.4	4,044	94.6	4,275
2001-02	202	4.9	3,914	95.1	4,116
2002-03	204	4.8	4,070	95.2	4,274
2003-04	237	5.6	3,989	94.4	4,226
2004-05	237	5.2	4,318	94.8	4,555
2005-06	275	5.7	4,512	94.3	4,787
2006-07	318	6.2	4,804	93.8	5,122
2007-08	307	6.1	4,700	93.9	5,007

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Offender age at admission to federal jurisdiction is increasing

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• In 2007-08, 36.8% of offenders admitted to federal jurisdiction were between the ages of 20 and 29, and 28.1% were between 30 and 39 years of age. 
• The distribution of age upon admission is similar for both men and women.
• The median age of the population upon admission has increased from 31 in 1998-99 to 33 in 2007-08.
• The number of offenders between the ages of 40 and 49 at admission has increased from 694 (15.0%) in 1998-99 to 1,062 (21.2%) in 2007-08, whereas the number of offenders between the ages of 30 and 34 decreased from 827 (17.8%) in 1998-99 to 718 (14.3%) in 2007-08.

Note:
A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Offender age at admission to federal jurisdiction is increasing

Age at Admission	1998-99						2007-08
	Women		Men		Total		Women		Men		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Under 18	0	0.0	11	0.2	11	0.2	0	0.0	4	0.1	4	0.1
18 and 19	8	3.4	252	5.7	260	5.6	10	3.3	172	3.7	182	3.6
20 to 24	36	15.5	857	19.4	893	19.2	54	17.6	894	19.0	948	18.9
25 to 29	50	21.6	842	19.1	892	19.2	54	17.6	841	17.9	895	17.9
30 to 34	58	25.0	769	17.4	827	17.8	40	13.0	678	14.4	718	14.3
35 to 39	38	16.4	646	14.7	684	14.7	50	16.3	639	13.6	689	13.8
40 to 44	17	7.3	439	10.0	456	9.8	50	16.3	583	12.4	633	12.6
45 to 49	11	4.7	227	5.2	238	5.1	29	9.4	400	8.5	429	8.6
50 to 59	12	5.2	263	6.0	275	5.9	15	4.9	353	7.5	368	7.3
60 to 69	2	0.9	82	1.9	84	1.8	5	1.6	104	2.2	109	2.2
70 and over	0	0.0	19	0.4	19	0.4	0	0.0	32	0.7	32	0.6
Total	232		4,407		4,639		307		4,700		5,007

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts. 
Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100 percent.

The average age at admission is lower for Aboriginal offenders than for non-Aboriginal offenders

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• Of those offenders admitted to federal jurisdiction in 2007-08, 49.4% of Aboriginal offenders were under the age of 30, compared to 38.6% of non-Aboriginal offenders.
• The median age of Aboriginal offenders at admission is 30, compared to a median age of 33 for non-Aboriginal offenders. 

Note:
A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

The average age at admission is lower for Aboriginal offenders than for non-Aboriginal offenders

Age at Admission	1998-99								2007-08
	Aboriginal		Non- Aboriginal		Total		Aboriginal		Non- Aboriginal		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Under 18	8	0.9	3	0.1	11	0.2	3	0.3	1	<0.1	4	0.1
18 and 19	63	7.5	197	5.2	260	5.6	45	5.1	137	3.3	182	3.6
20 to 24	192	22.8	701	18.5	893	19.2	203	23.0	745	18.1	948	18.9
25 to 29	173	20.5	719	18.9	892	19.2	185	21.0	710	17.2	895	17.9
30 to 34	162	19.2	665	17.5	827	17.8	140	15.9	578	14.0	718	14.3
35 to 39	112	13.3	572	15.1	684	14.7	117	13.3	572	13.9	689	13.8
40 to 44	65	7.7	391	10.3	456	9.8	88	10.0	545	13.2	633	12.6
45 to 49	31	3.7	207	5.5	238	5.1	55	6.2	374	9.1	429	8.6
50 to 59	29	3.4	246	6.5	275	5.9	37	4.2	331	8.0	368	7.3
60 to 69	6	0.7	78	2.1	84	1.8	8	0.9	101	2.4	109	2.2
70 and over	2	0.2	17	0.4	19	0.4	2	0.2	30	0.7	32	0.6
Total	843		3,796		4,639		883		4,124		5,007

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.
Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100 percent.

17% of the federal incarcerated offender population is age 50 or over

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• In 2007-08, 57.7% of incarcerated offenders were under the age of 40 while 38.8% of the Canadian population was under the age of 40.
• In 2007-08, 16.8% of the incarcerated federal offender population was above the age of 50 while 40.6% of the Canadian population was above the age of 50.
• The community federal offender population was older than the incarcerated population; 28.0% of offenders in the community were over 50, compared to 16.8% of the incarcerated offenders in this age group.

Note:
*Preliminary Postcensal Estimates, July 1, 2007; Demography Division, Statistics Canada.
Incarcerated includes male and female federal offenders serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions, as well as those on temporary absence.

17% of the federal incarcerated offender population is age 50 or over

Age	Incarcerated		Community		Total		% of Canadian Adult Population*
	#	%	#	%	#	%	%
Under 18	1	0.0	1	0.0	2	0.0	-
18 and 19	128	0.9	14	0.2	142	0.6	3.4
20 to 24	1,615	11.9	666	7.9	2,281	10.4	8.8
25 to 29	2,207	16.3	1,093	13.0	3,300	15.0	8.8
30 to 34	1,927	14.2	1,014	12.0	2,941	13.4	8.7
35 to 39	1,949	14.4	1,089	12.9	3,038	13.8	9.1
40 to 44	1,942	14.3	1,121	13.3	3,063	13.9	10.2
45 to 49	1,524	11.2	1,072	12.7	2,596	11.8	10.5
50 to 54	971	7.1	826	9.8	1,797	8.2	9.4
55 to 59	626	4.6	562	6.7	1,188	5.4	8.2
60 to 64	367	2.7	429	5.1	796	3.6	6.6
65 to 69	194	1.4	282	3.3	476	2.2	4.9
70 and over	130	1.0	265	3.1	395	1.8	11.5
Total	13,581	100.0	8,434	100.0	22,015	100.0	100.0

Source:  Correctional Service Canada; Statistics Canada.

Note:
*Preliminary Postcensal Estimates, July 1, 2007; Demography Division, Statistics Canada.
Incarcerated includes male and female federal offenders serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions, and those on temporary absence.
Community supervision includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release or in the community supervised on a long term supervision order, as well as those who are temporarily detained or paroled for deportation.
The data presented is a snapshot of the offender population as of April 13, 2008.
Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100.0.

68% of federal offenders are Caucasian

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• The federal offender population is diverse; however, 67.5% of offenders identify themselves as Caucasian.
• Since 2002-03, the Aboriginal population has increased from 3,394 to 3,932.

Note:
These data are self-identified by offenders while they are incarcerated, and the categories are not comprehensive; therefore, the reader should interpret these data with caution.
 "Aboriginal" includes offenders who are Inuit, Innu, Métis and North American Indian.  "Asian" includes offenders who are Arab, West Indian, Asiatic, Chinese, East Indian, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, South East Asian and South Asian.  "Hispanic" includes offenders who are Hispanic and Latin American. 
The data reflects the total offender population, which includes male and female federal offenders who are incarcerated (serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions, and those on temporary absence), offenders who are on community supervision, on bail, escaped and unlawfully at large. Community supervision includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long term supervision order, as well as those who are temporarily detained or paroled for deportation.

68% of federal offenders are Caucasian

Offender Population
	2002-03		2007-08
	#	%	#	%
Aboriginal	3,394	15.5	3,932	17.2
Inuit	116	0.5	149	0.7
Métis	961	4.4	1,075	4.7
North American Indian	2,317	10.6	2,708	11.9
Asian	934	4.3	1,062	4.7
Arab/West Asian	150	0.7	195	0.9
Asiatic	254	1.2	128	0.6
Chinese	106	0.5	140	0.6
East Indian	65	0.3	34	0.1
Filipino	48	0.2	45	0.2
Japanese	6	0.03	5	<0.1
Korean	13	0.06	11	<0.1
South East Asian	189	0.9	338	1.5
South Asian	103	0.5	166	0.7
Black	1,404	6.4	1,566	6.9
Caucasian	15,394	70.5	15,414	67.5
Hispanic	121	0.6	162	0.7
Hispanic	46	0.2	19	0.1
Latin American	75	0.3	143	0.6
Other/Unknown	583	2.7	695	3.0
Total	21,830	100.0	22,831	100.0

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
The data reflects the total offender population, which includes male and female federal offenders who are incarcerated (serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions and those on temporary absence), offenders who are on community supervision, on bail, escaped and unlawfully at large. Community supervision includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long term supervision order, as well as those who are temporarily detained or paroled for deportation.
These data are self-identified by offenders while they are incarcerated, and the categories are not comprehensive; therefore, the reader should interpret these data with caution.
The data reflect the number of offenders active at the end of each fiscal year.  A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.
Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100.0.

The religious identification of the offender population is diverse

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• The religious identification of the current federal offender population is diverse.  The two most frequently declared religions are Catholic (40.2%), and Protestant (20.0%).
• Religious identification is unknown for 6.4% of offenders, whereas 15.9% stated they have no religion.

Note:
Religious identification is self-declared by offenders while they are incarcerated, and the categories are not comprehensive; therefore, the reader should interpret these data with caution.
Catholic includes offenders who are Catholic, Roman-Catholic, Greek-Catholic, Native-Catholic and Ukrainian-Catholic. 
Orthodox includes offenders who are Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox and Ukrainian Orthodox.
Protestant includes offenders who are Anglican, Baptist, Christian Missionary, Christian Reform, Hutterite, Lutheran, Mennonite, Moravian, Native Spirit Protestant, Pentecostal, Presbyterian, Protestant, Salvation Army, Seventh Day Adventist, United Church, Christ Methodist, Christ Wesleyan and Worldwide Church. 
Other includes other declared identifications such as Agnostic, Atheist, Baha'i, Christian Science, Hindu, Jehovah's Witness, Mormon, Rastafarian, Scientology, Siddha Yoga, Taoism, Pagan, Sufiism, Wicca and Zoroastrian.
The data reflect the total offender population, which includes federal offenders who are incarcerated (serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions, and those on temporary absence) and federal offenders who are on community supervision, on bail, escaped and unlawfully at large. Community supervision includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long term supervision order, as well as those who are temporarily detained or paroled for deportation. 

The religious identification of the offender population is diverse

Total Offender Population
	2002-03		2007-08
	#	%	#	%
Catholic	9,681	44.3	9,188	40.2
Protestant	4,671	21.4	4,575	20.0
Muslim	751	3.4	874	3.8
Native Spirituality	672	3.1	863	3.8
Buddhist	357	1.6	371	1.6
Jewish	157	0.7	163	0.7
Orthodox	101	0.5	104	0.5
Sikh	84	0.4	136	0.6
Other	1,450	6.6	1,471	6.4
None	2,730	12.5	3,620	15.9
Unknown	1,176	5.4	1,466	6.4
Total	21,830	100.0	22,831	100.0

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
Religious identification is self-declared by offenders while they are incarcerated, and the categories are not comprehensive; therefore, the reader should interpret these data with caution.
The data reflect the total offender population, which includes federal offenders who are incarcerated (serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions, and those on temporary absence) and federal offenders who are on community supervision, on bail, escaped and unlawfully at large. Community supervision includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long term supervision order, as well as those who are temporarily detained or paroled for deportation. 
The data reflect the number of offenders active at the end of each fiscal year.  A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.
Due to rounding, percentages may not add to 100.0.

11% of federal offenders have a mental health diagnosis at admission

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• The percentage of offenders committed to federal jurisdiction with a mental health diagnosis at time of admission is increasing.
• In 2007-08, 11.1% of offenders committed to federal jurisdiction had a mental health diagnosis at time of admission and 6.1% were receiving outpatient services prior to admission.
• In 2007-08, 30.1% of female offenders compared to 14.5% of male offenders had previously been hospitalized for psychiatric reasons.
• The percentage of federally incarcerated offenders prescribed medication for psychiatric concerns at admission has almost doubled from 11.0% in 1998-99 to 21.3% in 2007-08.
• Female offenders are twice as likely as male offenders to have a mental health diagnosis at time of admission.

Note:
Data are from the Correctional Service of Canada's Offender Intake Assessment process, where all new admissions are screened at intake.  
The percentage is taken from answers "Yes" and "No" to the Mental Health Indicator at time of admission. The unknown and the blank answers are not taken into consideration in the denominator.

11% of federal offenders have a mental health diagnosis at admission

Mental Health Indicator At Time of Admission	Women		Men		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%
Diagnosis	52	21.8	394	10.4	446	11.1
Prescribed Psychiatric Medication	78	33.2	772	20.6	850	21.3
Past Psychiatric Hospitalization	72	30.1	547	14.5	619	15.5
Psychiatric Outpatient	21	8.7	225	5.9	246	6.1

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
Data are from the Correctional Service of Canada's Offender Intake Assessment process, where all new admissions are screened at intake.  
The percentage is taken from answers "Yes" and "No" to the Mental Health Indicator at time of admission. The unknown and the blank answers are not taken into consideration in the denominator.

The proportion of Aboriginal offenders incarcerated is higher than for non-Aboriginal offenders

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• As of April 13, 2008, the proportion of offenders incarcerated was about 10% greater for Aboriginal offenders (69.9%) than for non-Aboriginal offenders (60.0%).
• Aboriginal women represent 33.1% of all incarcerated women while Aboriginal men represent 19.1% of incarcerated men.
• In 2007-08, Aboriginal offenders represented 17.3% of the total federal offender population while Aboriginal adults represent 4.0% of the Canadian adult population*.
• Aboriginal offenders accounted for 19.6% of the incarcerated population and 13.6% of the community population in 2007-08.

Note:
*2006 Census, Statistics Canada.
Incarcerated includes male and female federal offenders serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions.
The data reflect the number of offenders active at the end of each fiscal year.  A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year. 

The proportion of Aboriginal offenders incarcerated is higher than for non-Aboriginal offenders

		Incarcerated		Community		Total
Men		#	%	#	%
2004-05	Aboriginal	2,196	68.8	994	31.2	3,190
	Non-Aboriginal	10,060	59.9	6,735	40.1	16,795
	Total	12,256	61.3	7,729	38.7	19,985
2005-06	Aboriginal	2,245	68.3	1,041	31.7	3,286
	Non-Aboriginal	10,018	59.5	6,824	40.5	16,842
	Total	12,263	60.9	7,865	39.1	20,128
2006-07	Aboriginal	2,432	71.1	989	28.9	3,421
	Non-Aboriginal	10,263	59.6	6,944	40.4	17,207
	Total	12,695	61.5	7,933	38.5	20,628
2007-08	Aboriginal	2,493	70.7	1,031	29.3	3,524
	Non-Aboriginal	10,593	60.8	6,842	39.2	17,435
	Total	13,086	62.4	7,873	37.6	20,959
Women
2004-05	Aboriginal	100	52.4	91	47.6	191
	Non-Aboriginal	268	40.2	398	59.8	666
	Total	368	42.9	489	57.1	857
2005-06	Aboriginal	128	56.1	100	43.9	228
	Non-Aboriginal	280	41.2	400	58.8	680
	Total	408	44.9	500	55.1	908
2006-07	Aboriginal	148	59.0	103	41.0	251
	Non-Aboriginal	328	44.4	410	55.6	738
	Total	476	48.1	513	51.9	989
2007-08	Aboriginal	164	58.8	115	41.2	279
	Non-Aboriginal	331	42.6	446	57.4	777
	Total	495	46.9	561	53.1	1,056

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
Incarcerated includes male and female federal offenders serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions.
Community supervision includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long term supervision order, as well as those who are temporarily detained or paroled for deportation. 
The data reflect the number of offenders active at the end of each fiscal year.  A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year. 

The majority of incarcerated federal offenders are classified as medium security risk

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• Approximately two-thirds (65.1%) of federal offenders are classified as medium security risk. 
• Compared to non-Aboriginal offenders, a lower percentage of Aboriginal offenders are classified as minimum security risk (14.8% vs. 22.0%) and a higher percentage are classified as medium (69.1% vs. 64.1%) and maximum (16.1% vs. 13.9%) security risk.  

Note:
The data represent the offender security level decision, as of April 13, 2008.

The majority of incarcerated federal offenders are classified as medium security risk

Security Risk Level	Aboriginal		Non-Aboriginal		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%
Minimum	372	14.8	2,232	22.0	2,604	20.6
Medium	1,736	69.1	6,504	64.1	8,240	65.1
Maximum	406	16.1	1,406	13.9	1,812	14.3
Total	2,514	100.0	10,142	100.0	12,656	100.0
Not yet determined*	143		782		925
Total	2,657		10,924		13,581

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
*The "not yet determined" category includes offenders who have not yet been classified.
The data represent the offender security level decision, as of April 13, 2008.
Incarcerated offenders include male and female federal offenders serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions, as well as those on temporary absence.

Admissions with a life or indeterminate sentence stabilized over the last three years

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• From 2006-07 to 2007-08, the number of admissions to federal jurisdiction with a life/indeterminate* sentence increased by 1.2%. The number of admissions with life/indeterminate sentences was 3.6% lower in 2007-08 than it was in 1998-99.
• As of April 13, 2008, there were a total of 3,008 offenders incarcerated with a life/indeterminate sentence.  Of these, 2,929 (97.4%) were men and 79 (2.6%) were women; 551 (18.3%) were Aboriginal and 2,457 (81.7%) were non-Aboriginal.

Note:
*Although life sentences and indeterminate sentences both may result in imprisonment for life, they are different.  A life sentence is a sentence of life imprisonment, imposed by a judge at the time of sentence, for example for murder.  An indeterminate sentence is a result of a designation, where an application is made to the court to declare an offender a Dangerous Offender, and the consequence of this designation is imprisonment for an indeterminate period.
A warrant of committal is a new admission to federal jurisdiction from the courts.

Admissions with a life or indeterminate sentence stabilized over the last three years

Year	Aboriginal Offenders			Non-Aboriginal Offenders			Total
	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total
1998-99	2	41	43	3	123	126	5	164	169
1999-00	4	26	30	4	129	133	8	155	163
2000-01	2	30	32	8	124	132	10	154	164
2001-02	2	29	31	4	123	127	6	152	158
2002-03	1	33	34	3	112	115	4	145	149
2003-04	0	17	17	2	122	124	2	139	141
2004-05	1	23	24	5	117	122	6	140	146
2005-06	4	38	42	9	123	132	13	161	174
2006-07	4	30	34	11	128	139	15	158	173
2007-08	4	26	30	3	142	145	7	168	175

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
This table combines offenders serving life sentences and offenders serving indeterminate sentences.
Although life sentences and indeterminate sentences both may result in imprisonment for life, they are different.  A life sentence is a sentence of life imprisonment, imposed by a judge at the time of sentence, for example for murder.  An indeterminate sentence is a result of a designation, where an application is made to the court to declare an offender a Dangerous Offender, and the consequence of this designation is imprisonment for an indeterminate period.

Offenders with Life or Indeterminate sentences represent 21% of the total offender population

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• As of April 13, 2008, there were 4,865 offenders serving a life sentence and/or an indeterminate sentence. This represents 21.3% of the total offender population. The majority (62.8%) of these offenders were in custody. Of the 1,810 offenders who were being supervised in the community, the majority (82.3%) are serving a life sentence for 2nd Degree Murder.   
• There are 18 offenders who are serving both a life sentence and an indeterminate sentence. There are 418 offenders who are serving not only an indeterminate sentence as a result of a special designation, but also a determinate sentence for their crimes. The remaining 4,429 offenders have not received a special designation, but are serving a life sentence.
• 95.1% of the 388 Dangerous Offenders with indeterminate sentences were incarcerated and 4.9% were supervised in the community. In contrast, 48.7% of the 39 Dangerous Sexual Offenders and none of the 9 Habitual Offenders were incarcerated.

Note:
* Although life sentences and indeterminate sentences may both result in imprisonment for life, they are different.  A life sentence is a sentence of life imprisonment, imposed by a judge at the time of sentence, for example for murder.  An indeterminate sentence is a result of a designation, where an application is made to the court to declare an offender a Dangerous Offender, and the consequence of this designation is imprisonment for an indeterminate period. The Dangerous Sexual Offender and Habitual Offender designations were replaced with Dangerous Offender Legislation in 1977. 

Offenders with Life or Indeterminate sentences represent 21% of the total offender population

	Offenders under CSC Jurisdiction		Current Status
			Custody	Community
	#	%	Incarcerated	Day Parole	Full Parole	Other***
Offenders with a life sentence for:
1st Degree Murder	970	4.2	781	42	136	11
2nd Degree Murder	3,236	14.2	1,779	183	1,146	128
Other Offences*	223	1.0	107	16	79	21
Total	4,429	19.4	2,667	241	1,361	160
Offenders with indeterminate sentences resulting from the special designation of:
Dangerous Offender	372	1.6	354	6	11	1
Dangerous Sexual Offender	38	0.2	18	3	15	2
Habitual Offenders	8	>0.1	0	0	3	5
Total	418	1.8	372	9	29	8
Offenders serving an indeterminate sentence (due to a special designation) and a life sentence (due to an offence)
	18	0.1	16	0	2	0
Total offenders with Life and/or Indeterminate sentence	4,865	21.3	3,055	250	1,392	168
Offenders Serving Determinate sentences**	17,966	78.7	11,655	809	2,151	3,351
Total	22,831	100.0	14,710	1,059	3,543	3,519

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
*Other offences include Schedule 1, Schedule 2 and Non-Schedule types of offences.
**This includes six offenders designated as Dangerous Offenders who are serving determinate sentences.
***Other in the Community includes federal offenders on bail, statutory release, on a long term supervision order, deported, have escaped, or are unlawfully at large. As offenders serving a life or indeterminate sentence are ineligible for Statutory Release, this includes a total of 126 offenders who have been deported, five on bail, 10 escapes, and 27 unlawfully at large.
Offenders in custody include offenders who are temporarily detained and presently in custody.

68% of federal offenders are serving a sentence for a violent offence*

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• As of April 13, 2008, a greater proportion of Aboriginal offenders than non-Aboriginal offenders were serving a sentence for a violent offence (79.8% versus 66.1%, respectively).
• 73.4% of Aboriginal women offenders were serving a sentence for a violent offence compared to 48.1% of non-Aboriginal women offenders.
• Of those offenders serving a sentence for Murder, 4.0% were women and 16.0% were Aboriginal.
• A greater proportion of Aboriginal offenders than non-Aboriginal offenders were serving a sentence for a Schedule I offence (62.5% versus 47.2%, respectively).
• 6.9% of Aboriginal offenders were serving a sentence for a Schedule II offence compared to 18.4% of non-Aboriginal offenders.
• 30.2% of women were serving a sentence for a Schedule II offence compared to 15.7% for men.

Note:
*Violent offence includes Murder I, Murder II and Schedule I offences.
Schedule I is comprised of sexual offences and other violent crimes excluding first and second degree murder (see the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).
Schedule II is comprised of serious drug offences or conspiracy to commit serious drug offences (see the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).
In cases where the offender is serving a sentence for more than one offence, the data reflect the most serious offence.

68% of federal offenders are serving a sentence for a violent offence*

Offence Category	Aboriginal			Non-Aboriginal			Total
	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total
Murder I	3	133	136	27	822	849	30	955	985
Percent	1.0	3.7	3.5	3.3	4.5	4.5	2.7	4.4	4.3
Murder II	35	507	542	103	2,603	2,706	138	3,110	3,248
Percent	11.9	13.9	13.8	12.6	14.4	14.3	12.5	14.3	14.2
Schedule I	177	2,281	2,458	262	8,668	8,930	439	10,949	11,388
Percent	60.4	62.7	62.5	32.1	47.9	47.3	39.6	50.4	49.9
Schedule II	54	219	273	281	3,195	3,476	335	3,414	3,749
Percent	18.4	6.0	6.9	34.5	17.7	18.4	30.2	15.7	16.4
Non-Schedule	24	499	523	142	2,796	2,938	166	3,295	3,461
Percent	8.2	13.7	13.3	17.4	15.5	15.5	15.0	15.2	15.2
	293	3,639		815	18,084		1,108	21,723
Total	3,932			18,899			22,831

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
*Violent offence includes Murder I, Murder II and Schedule I offences.
Schedule I is comprised of sexual offences and other violent crimes excluding first and second degree murder (see the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).
Schedule II comprises serious drug offences or conspiracy to commit serious drug offences (see the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).
The data reflect the total offender population, which includes male and female federal offenders who are incarcerated (serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions, and those on temporary absence), offenders who are on community supervision, on bail, escaped and unlawfully at large.  Community supervision includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long term supervision order, as well as those who are temporarily detained or paroled for deportation. 
These figures are based on the offender population as of April 13, 2008.

The number of federal Aboriginal offenders is increasing

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• From 1998-99 to 2007-08, the federal Aboriginal population increased by 19.7%.
• The number of incarcerated Aboriginal women increased steadily from 71 in 1998-99 to 164 in 2007-08, an increase of 131.0% in the last ten years.  The increase for incarcerated Aboriginal men was 15.9% for the same period, increasing from 2,151 to 2,493. 
• The number of Aboriginal offenders on community supervision increased from 1998-99 to 2007-08, an increase of 19.9% in the last ten years, from 956 to 1,146.  The Aboriginal community population accounted for 13.6% of the total community population in 2007-08.

Note:
*Incarcerated includes male and female federal offenders serving their sentences in federal or provincial institutions.
**Community supervision includes federal offenders on day parole, full parole, statutory release, or in the community supervised on a long term supervision order, as well as those who are temporarily detained or paroled for deportation.

The number of federal Aboriginal offenders is increasing

Aboriginal Offenders		Fiscal Year
		2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08
Incarcerated
Atlantic Region	Men	86	83	75	110	120
	Women	6	3	9	7	4
Quebec Region	Men	202	184	201	218	226
	Women	5	3	3	6	14
Ontario Region	Men	289	290	296	323	351
	Women	11	11	12	24	25
Prairie Region	Men	1,202	1,213	1,268	1,367	1,357
	Women	66	69	85	93	99
Pacific Region	Men	414	426	405	414	439
	Women	20	14	19	18	22
National Total	Men	2,193	2,196	2,245	2,432	2,493
	Women	108	100	128	148	164
	Total	2,301	2,296	2,373	2,580	2,657
Community
Atlantic Region	Men	27	31	33	25	37
	Women	1	5	8	8	10
Quebec Region	Men	84	67	82	85	81
	Women	2	2	3	1	1
Ontario Region	Men	117	112	109	121	152
	Women	10	10	9	12	21
Prairie Region	Men	573	598	605	550	543
	Women	48	57	66	68	62
Pacific Region	Men	208	186	212	208	218
	Women	10	17	14	14	21
National Total	Men	1,009	994	1,041	989	1,031
	Women	71	91	100	103	115
	Total	1,080	1,085	1,141	1,092	1,146
Total Incarcerated & Community		3,381	3,381	3,514	3,672	3,803

Source: Correctional Service of Canada

Note:
Regional statistics for the Correctional Service of Canada account for data relating to the northern territories in the following manner: data for Nunavut are reported in the Ontario Region, data for the Northwest Territories are reported in the Prairies region and data for the Yukon Territories are reported in the Pacific Region.

The number of offender deaths while  in federal custody has fluctuated

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• In the ten-year period from 1996-97 to 2005-06, 532 federal offenders have died while in custody.
• During this time period, suicides accounted for 20.9 % of federal offender deaths. The suicide rate for incarcerated federal offenders was approximately 86.0 per 100,000 people*, significantly higher than Canada's 2004 rate of 11.3 suicides per 100,000 people.
• Between 1996-97 and 2005-06, 7.3% of the deaths were due to homicide. The homicide rate for incarcerated federal offenders was approximately 30.2 per 100,000 people*, significantly higher than the national homicide rate of 1.8 per 100,000 people in 2007.

Note:
*For the calculation of rates, the total actual in-count between 1996-97 and 2005-06 was used as the denominator.

The number of offender deaths while  in federal custody has fluctuated

Year	Type of Death
	Homicide		Suicide		Other		Total
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
1996-97	5	9.8	10	19.6	36	70.6	51	100.0
1997-98	2	4.0	9	18.0	39	78.0	50	100.0
1998-99	7	10.9	17	26.6	40	62.5	64	100.0
1999-00	8	13.6	11	18.6	39	66.1	59	100.0
2000-01	0	0.0	9	20.9	33	76.7	43	100.0
2001-02	1	2.0	13	25.5	36	70.6	51	100.0
2002-03	2	4.1	12	24.5	31	63.3	49	100.0
2003-04	8	11.9	11	16.4	48	71.6	67	100.0
2004-05	3	6.1	9	18.4	37	75.5	49	100.0
2005-06	3	6.1	10	20.4	36	73.5	49	100.0
Total	39	7.3	111	20.9	375	70.5	532	100.0

Source:  Adult Correctional Services Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
Percent calculation includes deaths where the cause was unknown.  Between 1996-97 and 2005-06, there were seven deaths where the cause was unknown.

The number of escapes has decreased

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• In 2007-08, there were 29 escape incidents involving a total of 33 inmates.  Of these 33 escapees, 32 had been recaptured as of April 1, 2008. 
• In 2007-08, all the escapees were from minimum security facilities.
• Inmates who escaped from federal institutions in 2007-08 represented less than 0.2% of the inmate population.

The number of escapes has decreased

Type of Escapes	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08
Escapes from Multi-level Institutions	2	1	0	0	0
Number of Escapees	2	1	0	0	0
Escapes from Maximum Security Level Institutions	0	0	0	0	0
Number of Escapees	0	0	0	0	0
Escapes from Medium Security Level Institutions	1	1	0	0	0
Number of Escapees	1	1	0	0	0
Escapes from Minimum Security Level Institutions	47	30	23	31	29
Number of Escapees	54	31	26	37	33
Total Number of Escape Incidents	50	32	23	31	29
Total Number of Escapees	57	33	26	37	33

Source:  Security, Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
The data represent the number of escape incidents from federal facilities during each fiscal year.  A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.
An escape incident can involve more than one offender.

The supervised federal offender population in the community has decreased in the last decade

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• After decreases in the federal offender population in the community under active supervision** from 1999-00 to 2004-05, there has been a small increase in each of the last three years.
• In 2007-08, there were 6,308 men and 483 women on active community supervision.  
• While the number of statutory releases has remained relatively constant, the number of day paroles and full paroles has decreased over the past decade. 

Note:
*A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year.
**The data presented above do not include offenders temporarily detained following suspension of a conditional release, offenders who were on long term supervision orders (See Figure/Table E4), offenders paroled for deportation or offenders unlawfully at large. 
Day parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board whereby offenders are permitted to participate in community-based activities in preparation for full parole or statutory release. The conditions require offenders to return nightly to an institution or half-way house unless otherwise authorized by the National Parole Board.
Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board whereby the remainder of the sentence is served under supervision in the community.
Statutory release refers to a conditional release that is subject to supervision after the offender has served two-thirds of the sentence.

The supervised federal offender population in the community has decreased in the last decade

Supervision Type of Federal Offenders
Year	Day Parole		Full Parole		Statutory Release		Totals			Percent Change*
	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Both	Both
1998-99	85	1,300	287	3,881	39	2,112	411	7,293	7,704	--
1999-00	83	1,200	334	4,013	35	2,184	452	7,397	7,849	1.9
2000-01	68	1,097	328	3,925	51	2,112	447	7,134	7,581	-3.4
2001-02	55	1,018	298	3,654	56	2,109	409	6,781	7,190	-5.2
2002-03	71	969	267	3,469	54	2,132	392	6,570	6,962	-3.2
2003-04	67	986	259	3,412	42	2,120	368	6,518	6,886	-1.1
2004-05	90	872	249	3,296	69	1,999	408	6,167	6,575	-4.5
2005-06	75	1,002	285	3,231	64	1,998	424	6,231	6,655	1.2
2006-07	97	973	289	3,243	64	2,116	450	6,332	6,782	1.9
2007-08	102	957	292	3,251	89	2,100	483	6,308	6,791	0.1

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
*Percent change is measured from the previous year.
These cases reflect the number of offenders on active supervision at fiscal year end.  A fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year. 
The data presented above do not include offenders temporarily detained following suspension of a conditional release, offenders who were on long term supervision orders (See Figure/Table E4), offenders paroled for deportation or offenders unlawfully at large. 

Conditional Sentences have increased the provincial/territorial community corrections population

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• Since the introduction of the conditional sentence as a sentencing option in September 1996, the number of offenders serving a conditional sentence has increased steadily although the numbers have leveled off in recent years.
• In 2005-06, the total number of offenders on probation was 98,073.
• Probation counts have fluctuated at about 100,000 offenders for over the past decade.

Note:
As of press time, the 2006-07 statistics were unavailable for this publication.
A conditional sentence is a disposition of the court where the offender serves a term of imprisonment in the community under specified conditions.  This type of sentence can only be imposed in cases where the term of imprisonment would be less than two years.  Conditional sentences have been a provincial and territorial sentencing option since September 1996.
Probation count data are not available for Nunavut in 1999-00, 2000-01, 2002-03 and 2003-04 and for New Brunswick in 2000-01.  Data are not available from the Northwest Territories for all years except 2002-03.
--Data reporting conditional sentences begins in 1997-98 as this was the first full year for which data were available.  For 1998-99 and 1999-00, figures are not available for Prince Edward Island. For 1997-98 to 2000-01, figures are not available for New Brunswick.  For 1997-98 to 2005-06, figures are not available for the Northwest Territories.  For 1999-00, 2000-01, 2002-03 and 2003-04 figures are not available for Nunavut.  

Conditional Sentences have increased the provincial/territorial community corrections population

Year	Average Monthly Offender Counts on Probation	Average Monthly Offender Counts on Conditional Sentence	Total
1996-97	103,630	--	103,630
1997-98	105,861	6,868	112,729
1998-99	101,868	7,627	109,495
1999-00	102,860	8,984	111,844
2000-01	100,526	9,885	110,411
2001-02	101,915	11,941	113,856
2002-03	105,062	13,193	118,256
2003-04	100,993	13,632	114,625
2004-05	98,736	13,912	112,648
2005-06	98,073	14,143	112,216

Source:  Adult Corrections Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
As of press time, the 2006-07 statistics were unavailable for this publication.
A conditional sentence is a disposition of the court where the offender serves a term of imprisonment in the community under specified conditions.  This type of sentence can only be imposed in cases where the term of imprisonment would be less than two years.  Conditional sentences have been a provincial and territorial sentencing option since September 1996.
Probation count data are not available for Nunavut in 1999-00, 2000-01, 2002-03 and 2003-04 and for New Brunswick in 2000-01.  Data are not available from the Northwest Territories for all years except 2002-03.
--Data reporting conditional sentences begins in 1997-98 as this was the first full year for which data were available.  For 1998-99 and 1999-00, figures are not available for Prince Edward Island. For 1997-98 to 2000-01, figures are not available for New Brunswick.  For 1997-98 to 2005-06, figures are not available for the Northwest Territories.  For 1999-00, 2000-01, 2002-03 and 2003-04 figures are not available for Nunavut.  

The number of offenders on provincial parole has increased

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• The number of offenders on provincial parole decreased from 1996-97 to 2004-05, but experienced a slight increase in 2005-06.

Note:
As of press time, the 2006-07 statistics were unavailable for this publication.
Provincial parole boards operate in Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia.  The National Parole Board has jurisdiction over granting parole to provincial offenders in the Atlantic and Prairie provinces and to territorial offenders in the Yukon, Nunavut and Northwest Territories.

The number of offenders on provincial parole has increased

Year	Average Monthly Counts on Provincial Parole
	Provincial Boards				National Parole Board*	Total	Percent Change
	Quebec	Ontario	British Columbia	Total
1996-97	1,808	744	594	3,146	343	3,489	--
1997-98	1,640	621	246	2,507	307	2,814	-19.3
1998-99	1,334	574	239	2,147	287	2,434	-13.5
1999-00	1,291	406	203	1,900	336	2,236	-8.1
2000-01	903	322	249	1,474	287	1,761	-21.2
2001-02	846	276	265	1,387	229	1,616	-8.2
2002-03	581	210	223	1,014	195	1,209	-25.1
2003-04	550	146	189	885	190	1,075	-11.1
2004-05	517	127	166	810	176	986	-8.3
2005-06	628	152	147	926	162	1,088	10.3

Source:  Adult Corrections Survey, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada.

Note:
As of press time, the 2006-07 statistics were unavailable for this publication.
*The data represent the number of provincial offenders who are released from custody on the authority of the National Parole Board and supervised by the Correctional Service of Canada. 
Provincial parole boards operate in Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. The National Parole Board has jurisdiction over granting parole to provincial offenders in the Atlantic and Prairie provinces and to territorial offenders in the Yukon, Nunavut and Northwest Territories.

Section D

Conditional Release

The federal parole grant rate has stabilized

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• In 2007-08, the grant rates for day parole and full parole were 70.7% and 43.0%, respectively.
• The grant rates for day parole and full parole were relatively stable between 2003-04 and 2005-06, before decreasing in 2006-07. The rates have been stable since that time. The day parole and full parole grant rates are at their lowest levels in the last decade.
• Federal day parole and full parole grant rates are higher for female offenders than for male offenders.

Note:
The grant rate represents the percentage of pre-release reviews resulting in a grant by the National Parole Board.
Day parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board in which offenders are permitted to participate in community-based activities in preparation for full parole or statutory release. The conditions require offenders to return nightly to an institution or half-way house unless otherwise authorized by the National Parole Board.
Not all offenders apply for day parole, and some apply more than once before being granted day parole.
Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board in which the remainder of the sentence is served under supervision in the community.
The National Parole Board must review the cases of all offenders for full parole at the time prescribed by legislation, unless the offender advises the National Parole Board in writing that he/she does not wish to be considered for full parole.

The federal parole grant rate has stabilized

Type of Release	Year	Granted		Denied		Grant Rate (%)
		Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Total
Day Parole	1998-99	220	3,581	27	1,273	89.1	73.8	74.5
	1999-00	231	3,609	38	1,428	85.9	71.7	72.4
	2000-01	224	3,236	27	1,325	89.2	71.0	71.9
	2001-02	189	2,981	29	1,228	86.7	70.8	71.6
	2002-03	196	2,830	24	1,181	89.1	70.6	71.5
	2003-04	213	2,909	25	1,047	89.5	73.5	74.4
	2004-05	258	2,819	24	1,027	91.5	73.3	74.5
	2005-06	247	2,961	33	1,087	88.2	73.1	74.1
	2006-07	261	2,904	41	1,312	86.4	68.9	70.0
	2007-08	283	2,856	38	1,264	88.2	69.3	70.7
Full Parole	1998-99	154	1,962	71	2,663	68.4	42.4	43.6
	1999-00	195	1,974	84	2,739	69.9	41.9	43.4
	2000-01	173	1,641	57	2,407	75.2	40.5	42.4
	2001-02	148	1,512	53	2,128	73.6	41.5	43.2
	2002-03	112	1,391	57	1,965	66.3	41.5	42.6
	2003-04	156	1,449	48	1,897	76.5	43.3	45.2
	2004-05	155	1,376	72	1,750	68.3	44.0	45.7
	2005-06	168	1,486	67	1,958	71.5	43.2	45.0
	2006-07	169	1,450	82	2,058	67.3	41.3	43.1
	2007-08	168	1,398	69	2,009	70.9	41.0	43.0

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
The grant rate represents the percentage of pre-release reviews resulting in a grant by the National Parole Board.
Day parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board in which offenders are permitted to participate in community-based activities in preparation for full parole or statutory release. The conditions require offenders to return nightly to an institution or half-way house unless otherwise authorized by the National Parole Board.
Not all offenders apply for day parole, and some apply more than once before being granted day parole.
Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board in which the remainder of the sentence is served under supervision in the community.
The National Parole Board must review the cases of all offenders for full parole at the time prescribed by legislation, unless the offender advises the National Parole Board in writing that he/she does not wish to be considered for full parole.

The federal parole grant rate for Aboriginal offenders increased last year

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• The day parole grant rate for Aboriginal offenders increased in 2007-08, while it remained stable for non-Aboriginal offenders. The rate was 1.2% lower for Aboriginal offenders than that of non-Aboriginal offenders in 2007-08.
• The full parole grant rate for Aboriginal offenders increased 3.8% in 2007-08 to 32.9% from 29.1% in 2006-07. In 2007-08, the rate was 11.6% lower than that for non-Aboriginal offenders.

Note:
The grant rate represents the percentage of pre-release reviews resulting in a grant by the National Parole Board.
Day parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board in which offenders are permitted to participate in community-based activities in preparation for full parole or statutory release. The conditions require offenders to return nightly to an institution or half-way house unless otherwise authorized by the National Parole Board.
Not all offenders apply for day parole, and some apply more than once before being granted day parole.
Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board in which the remainder of the sentence is served under supervision in the community.
The National Parole Board must review the cases of all offenders for full parole at the time prescribed by legislation, unless the offender advises the National Parole Board in writing that he/she does not wish to be considered for full parole.

The federal parole grant rate for Aboriginal offenders increased last year

Type of Release	Year	Aboriginal			Non-Aboriginal			Total Number Granted/ Denied
		Number Granted	Number Denied	Grant Rate (%)	Number Granted	Number Denied	Grant Rate (%)
Day Parole	1998-99	533	209	71.8	3,268	1,091	75.0	5,101
	1999-00	533	229	69.9	3,307	1,237	72.8	5,306
	2000-01	529	191	73.4	2,931	1,160	71.7	4,811
	2001-02	476	162	74.6	2,694	1,095	71.1	4,427
	2002-03	483	176	73.0	2,543	1,029	71.2	4,231
	2003-04	496	155	76.2	2,626	917	74.1	4,194
	2004-05	484	149	76.5	2,593	902	74.2	4,128
	2005-06	568	191	74.8	2,640	929	74.0	4,328
	2006-07	510	241	67.9	2,655	1,112	70.5	4,518
	2007-08	473	206	69.7	2,666	1,096	70.9	4,441
Full Parole	1998-99	208	450	31.6	1,908	2,284	45.5	4,850
	1999-00	245	444	35.6	1,924	2,379	44.7	4,992
	2000-01	207	367	36.1	1,607	2,097	43.4	4,278
	2001-02	187	311	37.6	1,473	1,870	44.1	3,841
	2002-03	173	321	35.0	1,330	1,701	43.9	3,525
	2003-04	197	289	40.5	1,408	1,656	46.7	3,550
	2004-05	186	284	39.6	1,345	1,538	46.6	3,353
	2005-06	196	365	34.9	1,458	1,660	46.8	3,679
	2006-07	153	373	29.1	1,466	1,767	45.3	3,759
	2007-08	160	327	32.9	1,406	1,751	44.5	3,644

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
The grant rate represents the percentage of pre-release reviews resulting in a grant by the National Parole Board.
Day parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board in which offenders are permitted to participate in community-based activities in preparation for full parole or statutory release. The conditions require offenders to return nightly to an institution or half-way house unless otherwise authorized by the National Parole Board.
Not all offenders apply for day parole, and some apply more than once before being granted day parole.
Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board in which the remainder of the sentence is served under supervision in the community.
The National Parole Board must review the cases of all offenders for full parole at the time prescribed by legislation, unless the offender advises the National Parole Board in writing that he/she does not wish to be considered for full parole.

Federal parole hearings involving an Aboriginal Cultural Advisor decreased for the second year

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• In 2007-08, 39.3% of all hearings for Aboriginal offenders were held with an Aboriginal Cultural Advisor, an increase from 28.9% in 1998-99, but a decrease of 6.5% from the previous year. 
• In 2007-08, hearings held with an Aboriginal Cultural Advisor for non-Aboriginal offenders accounted for 10.4% of all hearings with an Aboriginal Cultural Advisor. 

Note:
The presence of an Aboriginal Cultural Advisor is an alternative approach to the traditional parole hearing, which was introduced by the National Parole Board to ensure that conditional release hearings were sensitive to Aboriginal cultural values and traditions. This type of hearing is available to both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders. 

Federal parole hearings involving an Aboriginal Cultural Advisor decreased for the second year

Year	Hearings held with an Aboriginal Cultural Advisor
	Aboriginal Offenders			Non-Aboriginal Offenders			All Offenders
	Total Hearings	With Cultural Advisor		Total Hearings	With Cultural Advisor		Total Hearings	With Cultural Advisor
	#	#	%	#	#	%	#	#	%
1998-99	1,145	331	28.9	5,545	44	0.8	6,690	375	5.6
1999-00	1,241	278	22.4	5,585	14	0.3	6,826	292	4.3
2000-01	1,132	330	29.2	5,261	34	0.6	6,393	364	5.7
2001-02	1,103	431	39.1	4,771	41	0.9	5,874	472	8.0
2002-03	1,175	477	40.6	5,020	51	1.0	6,195	528	8.5
2003-04	1,227	552	45.0	5,125	71	1.4	6,352	623	9.8
2004-05	1,288	614	47.7	5,091	98	1.9	6,379	712	11.2
2005-06	1,343	643	47.9	5,234	99	1.9	6,577	742	11.3
2006-07	1,300	596	45.8	5,335	89	1.7	6,635	685	10.3
2007-08	1,189	467	39.3	4,814	54	1.1	6,003	521	8.7

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
The presence of an Aboriginal Cultural Advisor is an alternative approach to the traditional parole hearing, which was introduced by the National Parole Board to ensure that conditional release hearings were sensitive to Aboriginal cultural values and traditions. This type of hearing is available to both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders. 

Offenders granted full parole serve about 40% of their sentence prior to starting full parole

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• The percentage of time served until supervised under first full parole was 38.7% in 2007-08.
• In 2007-08, women served an average of 1.1% less of their sentences before first federal full parole supervision and 2.3% less before first federal day parole supervision than men (37.7% compared to 38.8% and 30.5% compared to 32.8%, respectively). 
• The percentage of time served until first full parole supervision has fluctuated very little since 1998-99.

Note:
Timing of parole in the sentence refers to the percentage of the sentence served at the time the first day parole or full parole starts during the sentence.  In most cases a full parole is preceded by a day parole.
These calculations are based on sentences under federal jurisdiction excluding life sentences and indeterminate sentences.
Offenders (other than those serving life or indeterminate sentences or subject to judicial determination) normally become eligible for full parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or seven years, whichever is less. Eligibility for day parole is normally at 6 months before full parole eligibility or at 1/6 of the sentence for cases that meet the accelerated parole review criteria (see Section 125 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).

Offenders granted full parole serve about 40% of their sentence prior to starting full parole

Year	Type of Supervision
	First Day Parole			First Full Parole
	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total
	Percentage of sentence incarcerated
1998-99	26.2	32.5	32.1	39.2	40.3	40.2
1999-00	24.8	32.2	31.7	37.8	40.6	40.3
2000-01	27.4	32.1	31.7	37.6	40.0	39.8
2001-02	28.1	32.7	32.4	37.1	39.7	39.4
2002-03	27.2	32.2	31.8	37.8	39.4	39.3
2003-04	28.1	34.0	33.6	37.6	39.9	39.6
2004-05	29.4	33.8	33.4	37.2	40.0	39.8
2005-06	29.1	33.6	33.2	36.7	39.7	39.3
2006-07	27.5	33.7	33.1	37.3	39.8	39.5
2007-08	30.5	32.8	32.6	37.7	38.8	38.7

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
Timing of parole in the sentence refers to the percentage of the sentence served at the time the first day parole or full parole starts during the sentence.  In most cases a full parole is preceded by a day parole.
These calculations are based on sentences under federal jurisdiction excluding life sentences and indeterminate sentences.
Offenders (other than those serving life or indeterminate sentences or subject to judicial determination) normally become eligible for full parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or seven years, whichever is less. Eligibility for day parole is normally at 6 months before full parole eligibility or at 1/6 of the sentence for cases that meet the accelerated parole review criteria (see Section 125 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).

Aboriginal offenders serve a higher proportion of their sentences before being released on parole

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• In 2007-08, the percentage of time served until full parole supervision was lower for non-Aboriginal offenders than for Aboriginal offenders (38.4% versus 41.8%, respectively).  
• In 2007-08, the percentage of time served until first day parole supervision was lower for non-Aboriginal offenders than it was for Aboriginal offenders (31.7% versus 38.9%, respectively). 
• Of the 104 Aboriginal offenders released on a first federal full parole supervision in 2007-08, 55.8% of them were released on accelerated full parole supervision compared to 70.3% of non-Aboriginal offenders.  
• Of the 251 Aboriginal offenders released on a first federal day parole supervision in 2007-08, 31.9% of them were released on accelerated day parole supervision compared to 51.4% of non-Aboriginal offenders. 

Note:
Timing of parole in the sentence refers to the percentage of the sentence served at the time the first day parole or full parole starts during the sentence.  In most cases a full parole is preceded by a day parole.
These calculations are based on sentences under federal jurisdiction excluding life sentences and indeterminate sentences.
Offenders (other than those serving life or indeterminate sentences or subject to judicial determination) normally become eligible for full parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or seven years, whichever is less. Eligibility for day parole is normally at 6 months before full parole eligibility or at 1/6 of the sentence for cases that meet the accelerated parole review criteria (see Section 125 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).

Aboriginal offenders serve a higher proportion of their sentences before being released on parole

Year	Type of Supervision
	First Day Parole			First Full Parole
	Aboriginal	Non-Aboriginal	Total	Aboriginal	Non-Aboriginal	Total
	Percentage of sentence incarcerated
1998-99	36.2	31.4	32.1	43.5	39.8	40.2
1999-00	35.9	31.0	31.7	42.7	40.1	40.3
2000-01	34.9	31.1	31.7	40.7	39.6	39.8
2001-02	37.8	31.5	32.4	43.5	38.9	39.4
2002-03	36.8	30.9	31.8	42.2	39.0	39.3
2003-04	39.7	32.4	33.6	43.3	39.1	39.6
2004-05	37.7	32.7	33.4	42.8	39.4	39.8
2005-06	37.3	32.5	33.2	42.7	38.9	39.3
2006-07	38.3	32.4	33.1	42.0	39.3	39.5
2007-08	38.9	31.7	32.6	41.8	38.4	38.7

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
Timing of parole in the sentence refers to the percentage of the sentence served at the time the first day parole or full parole starts during the sentence.  In most cases a full parole is preceded by a day parole.
These calculations are based on sentences under federal jurisdiction excluding life sentences and indeterminate sentences.
Offenders (other than those serving life or indeterminate sentences or subject to judicial determination) normally become eligible for full parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or seven years, whichever is less. Eligibility for day parole is normally at 6 months before full parole eligibility or at 1/6 of the sentence for cases that meet the accelerated parole review criteria (see Section 125 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).

Women serve a lower proportion of their sentences than men before being released on parole

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• In 2007-08, men served more of their sentences than women prior to beginning their first full parole supervision period (38.8% compared to 37.7%).
• In 2007-08, the percentage of time served until first day parole was less for female offenders than it was for male offenders (30.5% versus 32.8%, respectively). 
• Of the 1,228 female offenders released on first federal full parole since 1998-99, 70.9% of them were released on accelerated full parole compared to 59.9% of the 11,850 male offenders released on first federal full parole.
• Since 1998-99, female offenders were released on accelerated day parole more often than male offenders (60.3% versus 44.2%, respectively).

Note:
Timing of parole in the sentence refers to the percentage of the sentence served at the time the first day parole or full parole starts during the sentence.  In most cases a full parole is preceded by a day parole.
These calculations are based on sentences under federal jurisdiction excluding life sentences and indeterminate sentences.
Offenders (other than those serving life or indeterminate sentences or subject to judicial determination) normally become eligible for full parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or seven years, whichever is less. Eligibility for day parole is normally at 6 months before full parole eligibility or at 1/6 of the sentence for cases that meet the accelerated parole review criteria (see Section 125 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).

Women serve a lower proportion of their sentences than men before being released on parole

Year	Type of Release
	First Day Parole			First Full Parole
	Women	Men	Total	Women	Men	Total
	Percentage of sentence served
1998-99	26.2	32.5	32.1	39.2	40.3	40.2
1999-00	24.8	32.2	31.7	37.8	40.6	40.3
2000-01	27.4	32.1	31.7	37.6	40.0	39.8
2001-02	28.1	32.7	32.4	37.1	39.7	39.4
2002-03	27.2	32.2	31.8	37.8	39.4	39.3
2003-04	28.1	34.0	33.6	37.6	39.9	39.6
2004-05	29.4	33.8	33.4	37.2	40.0	39.8
2005-06	29.1	33.6	33.2	36.7	39.7	39.3
2006-07	27.5	33.7	33.1	37.3	39.8	39.5
2007-08	30.5	32.8	32.6	37.7	38.8	38.7

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
Timing of parole in the sentence refers to the percentage of the sentence served at the time the first day parole or full parole starts during the sentence.  In most cases a full parole is preceded by a day parole.
These calculations are based on sentences under federal jurisdiction excluding life sentences and indeterminate sentences.
Offenders (other than those serving life or indeterminate sentences or subject to judicial determination) normally become eligible for full parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or seven years, whichever is less. Eligibility for day parole is normally at 6 months before full parole eligibility or at 1/6 of the sentence for cases that meet the accelerated parole review criteria (see Section 125 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act).

A large majority of federal day paroles are successfully completed

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• Since 1998-99, over 82% of day paroles have been completed successfully.
• Based on the year of completion of the supervision period, the total number of federal day paroles completed was 3,009 in 2007-08.
• In 2007-08, 3.2% of day paroles ended with a non-violent offence and 0.4% with a violent offence.
• In 2007-08, the percentage of successful day paroles was higher for men than for women (83.5% versus 82.5%, respectively).

Note:
*Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.
A day parole is considered successful if it was completed without a return to prison for a breach of conditions or for a new offence.

A large majority of federal day paroles are successfully completed

Federal Day Parole Outcomes	2003-04		2004-05		2005-06		2006-07		2007-08
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Successful Completion
Regular	1,791	83.5	1,875	82.7	1,740	81.4	1,785	81.8	1,701	82.9
Accelerated	716	82.8	673	80.5	743	82.1	762	82.1	810	84.6
Total	2,507	83.3	2,548	82.1	2,483	81.6	2,547	81.9	2,511	83.5
Revocation for Breach of Conditions*
Regular	269	12.5	295	13.0	313	14.7	278	12.7	282	13.7
Accelerated	95	11.0	102	12.2	84	9.3	100	10.8	109	11.4
Total	364	12.1	397	12.8	397	13.1	378	12.2	391	13.0
Revocation with Non-Violent Offence
Regular	68	3.2	79	3.5	68	3.2	98	4.5	59	2.9
Accelerated	52	6.0	57	6.8	73	8.1	66	7.1	37	3.9
Total	120	4.0	136	4.4	141	4.6	164	5.3	96	3.2
Revocation with Violent Offence**
Regular	18	0.8	18	0.8	16	0.8	22	1.0	10	0.5
Accelerated	2	0.2	4	0.5	5	0.6	0	0.0	1	0.1
Total	20	0.7	22	0.7	21	0.7	22	0.7	11	0.4
Total
Regular	2,146	71.3	2,267	73.1	2,137	70.2	2,183	70.2	2,052	68.2
Accelerated	865	28.7	836	26.9	905	29.8	928	29.8	957	31.8
Total	3,011	100.0	3,103	100.0	3,042	100.0	3,111	100.0	3,009	100.0

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
*Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.
**Violent offences include murder and Schedule I offences (listed in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act) such as assaults, sexual offences, arson, abduction, robbery and some weapon offences. 
Day parole is a type of conditional release in which offenders are permitted to participate in community-based activities in preparation for full parole or statutory release. The conditions require offenders to return nightly to an institution or half-way house unless otherwise authorized by the National Parole Board.
Eligibility for day parole release normally occurs 6 months prior to full parole.  Eligibility for accelerated parole review cases occurs after the offender serves 6 months or 1/6 of the sentence, whichever is greater.

The majority of federal full paroles are successfully completed

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• The percentage of full paroles that were successfully completed increased in 2007-08.
• In 2007-08, 6.9% of full paroles ended with a non-violent offence and 0.9% with a violent offence.
• In 2007-08, the percentage of successful full paroles was higher for women than men (78.8% versus 72.2% respectively).
• Based on the year of completion of the supervision period, the number of federal full paroles completed was 1,358 in 2007-08.

Note:
*Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.
A full parole is considered successful if it was completed without a return to prison for a breach of conditions or for a new offence.
These data do not include offenders serving life or indeterminate sentences as these offenders, by definition, remain under supervision for life.

The majority of federal full paroles are successfully completed

Federal Full Parole Outcomes*	2003-04		2004-05		2005-06		2006-07		2007-08
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Successful Completion
Regular	490	79.3	436	75.7	437	77.5	390	75.0	413	78.4
Accelerated	557	68.2	614	70.9	548	66.2	582	68.6	577	69.4
Total	1,047	73.0	1,050	72.8	985	70.8	972	71.0	990	72.9
Revocation for Breach of Conditions**
Regular	83	13.4	91	15.8	90	16.0	82	15.8	86	16.3
Accelerated	178	21.8	163	18.8	172	20.8	173	20.4	176	21.2
Total	261	18.2	254	17.6	262	18.8	255	18.6	262	19.3
Revocation with Non-Violent Offence
Regular	34	5.5	35	6.1	27	4.8	42	8.1	22	4.2
Accelerated	76	9.3	82	9.5	101	12.2	91	10.7	72	8.7
Total	110	7.7	117	8.1	128	9.2	133	9.7	94	6.9
Revocation with Violent Offence***
Regular	11	1.8	14	2.4	10	1.8	6	1.2	6	1.1
Accelerated	6	0.7	7	0.8	7	0.9	3	0.4	6	0.7
Total	17	1.2	21	1.5	17	1.2	9	0.7	12	0.9
Total
Regular	618	43.1	576	39.9	564	40.5	520	38.0	527	38.8
Accelerated	817	56.9	866	60.1	828	59.5	849	62.0	831	61.2
Total	1,435	100.0	1,442	100.0	1,392	100.0	1,369	100.0	1,358	100.0

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
*Excludes offenders serving indeterminate sentences because they do not have a warrant expiry date and can only successfully complete full parole by dying.
**Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.
***Violent offences include murder and Schedule I offences (listed in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act) such as assaults, sexual offences, arson, abduction, robbery and some weapon offences. 
Full parole is a type of conditional release granted by the National Parole Board in which a portion of the sentence is served under supervision in the community. Offenders (other than those serving life or indeterminate sentences or subject to judicial determination) normally become eligible for full parole after serving 1/3 of their sentence or seven years, whichever is less.

The majority of statutory releases are successfully completed

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• Over the past ten years, the percentage of statutory releases that were completed successfully fluctuated little, ranging from 60.3% to 57.7%.
• In 2007-08, 8.7% of statutory releases ended with a non-violent offence and 1.9% with a violent offence.
• In 2007-08, the percentage of successful statutory releases was higher for women than men (60.3% and 58.6% respectively).

Note:
*Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.
A statutory release is considered successful if it was completed without a return to prison for a breach of conditions or for a new offence.
Statutory release refers to a conditional release that is subject to supervision after the offender has served two-thirds of the sentence.

The majority of statutory releases are successfully completed

Statutory Release Outcomes	2003-04		2004-05		2005-06		2006-07		2007-08
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Successful Completion	3,122	57.9	3,141	58.0	3,244	58.5	3,266	58.4	3,348	58.8
Revocation for Breach of Conditions*	1,598	29.7	1,613	29.8	1,652	29.8	1,648	29.5	1,739	30.6
Revocation with Non-Violent Offence	522	9.7	529	9.8	519	9.4	540	9.7	496	8.7
Revocation with Violent Offence**	147	2.7	137	2.5	131	2.4	136	2.4	110	1.9
Total	5,389	100.0	5,420	100.0	5,546	100.0	5,590	100.0	5,693	100.0

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
*Revocation for Breach of Conditions includes revocation with outstanding charges.

**Violent offences include murder and Schedule I offences (listed in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act) such as assaults, sexual offences, arson, abduction, robbery and some weapon offences. 

Over the past decade, the rate of violent conviction for offenders while under supervision has declined

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• The rate of conviction for violent offences** while under community supervision has declined since 1998-99.
• Those offenders under discretionary release (full parole and day parole) are less likely to be convicted of a violent offence while under supervision than those on statutory release.

Note:
*Supervised offenders include offenders who are on parole, statutory release, those temporarily detained in federal institutions, and those who are unlawfully at large.
**Violent offences include murder and Schedule I offences (listed in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act) such as assaults, sexual offences, arson, abduction, robbery and some weapon offences. 
The dotted line between 2006-07 and 2007-08 is intended to signify that due to delays in the court process, these numbers under represent the actual number of convictions, as verdicts may not have been reached by year-end.  

Over the past decade, the rate of violent conviction for offenders while under supervision has declined

Year	# of Offenders Convicted for Violent Offences				Rate per 1,000 Supervised Offenders*
	Day Parole	Full Parole	Statutory Release	Total	Day Parole	Full Parole	Statutory Release
1998-99	36	38	138	212	24	9	55
1999-00	58	47	160	265	37	10	57
2000-01	35	40	167	242	25	9	60
2001-02	33	33	149	215	25	8	52
2002-03	23	27	148	198	18	7	51
2003-04	20	21	149	190	15	5	50
2004-05	22	28	137	187	18	7	46
2005-06	21	21	131	173	15	5	43
2006-07	22	11	137	170	16	3	43
2007-08**	13	15	110	138	10	4	35

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
*Supervised offenders include offenders who are on parole, statutory release, those temporarily detained in federal institutions, and those who are unlawfully at large.
**Due to delays in the court processes, the numbers under-represent the actual number of convictions, as verdicts may not have been reached by year-end.
Violent offences include murder and Schedule I offences (listed in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act) such as assaults, sexual offences, arson, abduction, robbery and some weapon offences.   
Day and full parole include those offenders serving determinate and indeterminate sentences.

Over 23% of offenders serving determinate sentences were not reviewed for parole

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• For offenders commencing determinate sentences between April 1, 1997 and March 31, 2002 and completed their sentences by March 31, 2008
  • 23.6% did not appear before the National Parole Board for a decision during their sentence as they waived their parole review, postponed it until after statutory release, or withdrew their parole applications.
  • 22.1% appeared before the parole board and were denied parole throughout their sentence. 
  • 54.3% were granted parole at some time during their sentence.

Note:
*Data include only those offenders who commenced their determinate sentence during the fiscal year indicated (April 1 to March 31 of the following year) and had completed their sentence by March 31, 2008.

Over 23% of offenders serving determinate sentences were not reviewed for parole

	Year That Determinate Sentence Commenced
	1997-98		1998-99		1999-00		2000-01		2001-02
	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Reviewed by Board	3,107	80.1	3,146	78.8	2,853	77.2	2,670	75.0	2,374	69.9
Parole Granted	2,237	57.7	2,264	56.7	2,053	55.5	1,860	52.3	1,640	48.3
Parole Denied	870	22.4	882	22.1	800	21.6	810	22.8	734	21.6
Not Reviewed by Board*	773	19.9	846	21.2	843	22.8	889	25.0	1,024	30.1
Total Sentences	3,880	100.0	3,992	100.0	3,696	100.0	3,559	100.0	3,398	100.0

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
*These are determinate sentences where the offender either waived all parole reviews, withdrew all parole applications, or postponed until statutory release.
Data include only those offenders who commenced their determinate sentence during the fiscal year indicated (April 1 to March 31 of the following year) and had completed their sentence by March 31, 2008.

The number of offenders granted temporary absences has decreased since 1998-1999

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Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

• The number of offenders receiving escorted and unescorted temporary absences has decreased since peaking in 1998-99. 
• The number of offenders receiving work releases peaked in 1998-99 and has decreased 72.8% since that time.
• The successful completion rates for work releases, escorted and unescorted temporary absences are consistently over 99%.

Note:
A temporary absence is permission given to an eligible offender to be away from the normal place of confinement for medical, administrative, community service, family contact, personal development for rehabilitative purposes, or compassionate reasons, including parental responsibilities.
A work release is a structure program of release of specified duration for work or community service outside the penitentiary, under the supervision of a staff member or other authorized person or organization.
These numbers depict the number of offenders who received at least one temporary absence permit (excluding those for medical purposes) or at least one work release. An offender may be granted more than one temporary absence permit or work release over a period of time.

The number of offenders granted temporary absences has decreased since 1998-1999

	Temporary Absences				Work Releases
Year	Escorted		Unescorted
	# of Offenders	# of Permits	# of Offenders	# of Permits	# of Offenders	# of Releases
1998-99	3,540	36,624	1,210	6,738	926	2,700
1999-00	3,501	40,592	1,161	7,357	822	2,139
2000-01	3,135	34,154	1,066	6,561	644	1,722
2001-02	2,873	29,997	824	5,127	589	1,331
2002-03	2,712	34,088	713	4,870	577	1,306
2003-04	2,688	38,046	708	4,088	475	1,017
2004-05	2,518	35,248	518	3,578	319	743
2005-06	2,568	37,072	500	3,042	351	985
2006-07	2,522	39,553	497	4,144	331	713
2007-08	2,463	41,240	453	3,749	252	504

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
A temporary absence is permission given to an eligible offender to be away from the normal place of confinement for medical, administrative, community service, family contact, personal development for rehabilitative purposes, or compassionate reasons, including parental responsibilities.
A work release is a structure program of release of specified duration for work or community service outside the penitentiary, under the supervision of a staff member or other authorized person or organization.
The data depict the number of offenders who received at least one temporary absence permit (excluding those for medical purposes) or at least one work release. Because an offender may be granted more than one temporary absence permit or work release over a period of time, the total number of permits and work releases received during that time period is also provided.

Section E

Statistics on Special
Applications of Criminal Justice

The number of detention reviews has fluctuated over the past five years

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• The number of initial detention reviews reached a peak in 1995-96, and has been fluctuating at a lower level in subsequent years. 
• Out of 4,668 initial detention reviews since 1993-94, 91.6% have resulted in a decision to detain.
• In the last five years, 12 women have been referred for detention and 10 were detained.
• In 2007-08, Aboriginal offenders accounted for 19.9% of incarcerated offenders serving determinate sentences while they accounted for 34.2% of offenders referred for detention and 34.3% of offenders detained. 

Note:
According to the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, an offender entitled to statutory release after serving two-thirds of the sentence may be held in custody until warrant expiry if it is established that the offender is likely to commit, before the expiry of sentence, an offence causing death or serious harm, a serious drug offence or a sex offence involving a child.

The number of detention reviews has fluctuated over the past five years

Outcome of Initial Detention Reviews
Year	Detained				Statutory Release				Total		Total
	Abor.	Non - Abor.	Total	%	Abor.	Non -Abor.	Total	%	Abor.	Non - Abor.
1993-94	76	198	274	89.3	8	25	33	10.7	84	223	307
1994-95	96	314	410	92.3	8	26	34	7.7	104	340	444
1995-96	143	341	484	91.3	13	33	46	8.7	156	374	530
1996-97	106	325	431	93.3	10	21	31	6.7	116	346	462
1997-98	78	234	312	93.1	9	14	23	6.9	87	248	335
1998-99	80	154	234	91.4	3	19	22	8.6	83	173	256
1999-00	80	128	208	93.7	3	11	14	6.3	83	139	222
2000-01	68	147	215	93.9	6	8	14	6.1	74	155	229
2001-02	72	185	257	94.5	2	13	15	5.5	74	198	272
2002-03	81	164	245	86.3	14	25	39	13.7	95	189	284
2003-04	69	210	279	92.1	8	16	24	7.9	77	226	303
2004-05	69	156	225	91.1	6	16	22	8.9	75	172	247
2005-06	73	160	233	89.3	11	17	28	10.7	84	177	261
2006-07	66	156	222	88.8	4	24	28	11.2	70	180	250
2007-08	85	163	248	93.2	6	12	18	6.8	91	175	266
Total	1,242	3,035	4,277	91.6	111	280	391	8.4	1,353	3,315	4,668

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
According to the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, an offender entitled to statutory release after serving two-thirds of the sentence may be held in custody until warrant expiry if it is established that the offender is likely to commit, before the expiry of sentence, an offence causing death or serious harm, a serious drug offence or a sex offence involving a child.

83% of judicial review hearings result in earlier parole eligibility

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• Since the first judicial review hearing in 1987, there have been a total of 169 court decisions.
• Of these cases, 83.4% of the court decisions resulted in a reduction of the period that must be served before parole eligibility.
• Of offenders eligible to apply for a judicial review, 18.3% have had decisions rendered by the courts. 
• Of the 141 offenders who have had their parole eligibility date moved closer, 135 have reached their revised eligibility date.  Of these offenders, 125 have been released on parole, and 95 are currently being actively supervised in the community*.
• A higher percentage of second degree (86%) than first degree (83%) murder cases have resulted in a reduction of the period required to be served before parole eligibility.

Note:
*Of the 125 offenders who have been released on parole, 15 offenders have been returned to custody, 11 offenders are deceased, one is unlawfully at large and three offenders have been deported.
Judicial review is an application by an offender convicted of murder to the Court for a reduction in the time required to be served before being eligible for parole. Offenders can apply when they have served at least 15 years of their sentence. Judicial review procedures apply to offenders convicted of first degree murder, who are required to serve 25 years prior to being eligible for parole, and to offenders who have been sentenced to life imprisonment for second degree murder, with parole eligibility set at 15 years or more. 

83% of judicial review hearings result in earlier parole eligibility

Province/Territory of Judicial Review	Parole Ineligibility Reduced by Court		Reduction Denied by Court		Total
	1st degree murder	2nd degree murder	1st degree murder	2nd degree murder	1st degree murder	2nd degree murder
Northwest Territories	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nunavut	0	0	0	0	0	0
Yukon	0	0	0	0	0	0
Newfoundland & Labrador	0	0	0	0	0	0
Prince Edward Island	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nova Scotia	0	1	1	0	1	1
New Brunswick	1	0	0	0	1	0
Quebec	57	15	3	2	60	17
Ontario	20	0	10	1	30	1
Manitoba	6	2	1	0	7	2
Saskatchewan	6	0	2	0	8	0
Alberta	16	0	5	0	21	0
British Columbia	16	1	3	0	19	1
Sub-total	122	19	25	3	147	22
Total	141		28		169

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
These numbers represent total decisions as of April 13, 2008.
Judicial reviews are conducted in the province where the conviction took place.

The number of dangerous offender designations increased in 2007-08

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• As of April 13, 2008, there have been 455 offenders designated since 1978.
• Approximately 79% of all Dangerous Offenders (DOs) have at least one current conviction for a sexual offence.
• As of April 13, 2008, there were 394 active DOs.  Of these, 374 were incarcerated (representing approximately 2.8% of the total federal inmate population), one has been deported and 19 were being supervised in the community. 
• Of the 394 DOs, 6 offenders have determinate sentences, whereas 388 have indeterminate sentences. 
• There are currently no female offenders with a Dangerous Offender designation.
• Aboriginal offenders account for 24.0% of DOs and 17.2% of the total federal offender population.

Note: 
*The number of Dangerous Offenders designated per year does not include overturned decisions. 
Offenders who have died since receiving designations are no longer classified as "active"; however, they are still represented in the above graph, which depicts the total number of offenders ‘"designated".
Dangerous Offender legislation came into effect in Canada on October 15, 1977, replacing the Habitual Offender and Dangerous Sexual Offender provisions that were abolished.  A Dangerous Offender (DO) is an individual given an indeterminate sentence on the basis of a particularly violent crime or pattern of serious violent offences where it is judged that the offender's behaviour is unlikely to be inhibited by normal standards of behavioural restraint (see section 752 of the Criminal Code of Canada).  Until August 1997, a determinate sentence was possible for those designated as DOs.  In addition to the DOs, there remain within federal jurisdiction 39 Dangerous Sexual Offenders and 9 Habitual Offenders.

The number of dangerous offender designations increased in 2007-08

Province or Territory of Designation	All Designations (# designated since 1978)	Active Dangerous Offenders
		# of Indeterminate Offenders	# of Determinate Offenders	Total
Newfoundland & Labrador	11	9	0	9
Nova Scotia	15	14	0	14
Prince Edward Island	0	0	0	0
New Brunswick	7	6	0	6
Quebec	49	46	1	47
Ontario	188	159	1	160
Manitoba	10	9	0	9
Saskatchewan	37	30	2	32
Alberta	35	28	0	28
British Columbia	97	81	2	83
Yukon	1	1	0	1
Northwest Territories	5	5	0	5
Nunavut	0	0	0	0
Total	455	388	6	394

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
Numbers presented are as of April 13, 2008.
The number of Dangerous Offenders declared per year does not include overturned decisions.
Offenders who have died since receiving designations are no longer classified as "active"; however, they are still represented in the total number of offenders "designated".

Most long term supervision orders are for a 10-year period

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• As of April 13, 2008, the courts have imposed 513 long term supervision orders.  Of these, 71.2% were for a period of 10 years.
• There are currently 489 offenders with long term supervision orders, and of these, 362 (74%) have at least one current conviction for a sexual offence.
• There are four women with long term supervision orders.
• There are currently 213 offenders being supervised in the community on their long term supervision order. This includes 23 offenders temporarily detained, two offenders who have been deported and two offenders unlawfully at large.

Note:
Long Term Supervision Order (LTSO) legislation, which came into effect in Canada on August 1, 1997, allows the court to impose a sentence of two years or more for the predicate offence and order that the offender be supervised in the community for a further period not exceeding 10 years.
Fifteen offenders under these provisions have died, nine offenders have completed their long term supervision period and one has been declared a Dangerous Offender. 

Most long term supervision orders are for a 10-year period

Province or Territory of	Length of Supervision Order (years)									Current Status
Order	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	10	Total	Incarcerated	DP, FP or SR*	LTSO period	LTSO** interrupted	Total
Newfoundland & Labrador	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	5	0	1	3	1	5
Nova Scotia	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	9	12	3	1	6	2	12
Prince Edward Island	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	2	0	0	0	0	0
New Brunswick	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	5	7	3	1	3	0	7
Quebec	0	1	0	30	6	16	4	93	150	70	5	58	11	144
Ontario	0	0	1	7	3	12	8	103	134	41	8	68	10	127
Manitoba	0	0	0	1	1	2	1	18	23	9	3	7	3	22
Saskatchewan	1	0	1	7	5	0	6	22	42	25	5	9	3	42
Alberta	0	0	0	7	1	0	0	32	40	10	6	18	1	35
British Columbia	0	0	0	7	2	3	3	71	86	38	8	37	0	83
Yukon	0	0	0	1	0	2	0	3	6	3	0	2	1	6
Northwest Territories	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	3	2	0	1	0	3
Nunavut	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	3	2	0	1	0	3
Total	1	1	2	67	18	35	24	365	513	206	38	213	32	489

Source:  Correctional Service Canada.

Note:
*This category includes offenders whose current status is either supervised on day parole (DP), full parole (FP) or statutory release (SR).
**This category includes offenders convicted of a new offence while on the supervision portion of an LTSO. When this occurs, the LTSO supervision period is interrupted until the offender has served the new sentence to its warrant expiry date. At that time, the LTSO supervision period resumes where it left off.
These numbers are as of April 13, 2008.
Fifteen offenders under these provisions have died, nine offenders have completed their long term supervision period and one has been declared a Dangerous Offender.

The number of pardon applications processed has increased

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• The National Parole Board received 30,398 pardon applications in 2007-08. 
• The number of pardon applications processed increased in 2007-08.
• About 99% of the applications for pardons that were processed last year were granted. 
• Over three million (3,282,193) Canadians have a criminal record* but less than 12% of people convicted have received a pardon.  Since 1970, when the pardon process began, 377,477 pardons have been granted or issued.

Note:
*Source:  Royal Canadian Mounted Police Criminal Records Division, 2001.
Pardons allow people who were convicted of a criminal offence but have completed their sentence and demonstrated that they are law-abiding citizens to have their criminal record sealed.  A person convicted of a summary offence may apply for a pardon three years after the completion of the sentence, and a person convicted of an indictable offence may apply after five years.

The number of pardon applications processed has increased

Type of Decision	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08
Granted	8,761	17,800	3,951	7,076	14,514
Issued	6,832	4,745	4,402	7,672	10,332
Denied	265	375	196	103	175
Total Granted/Issued/Denied	15,858	22,920	8,549	14,851	25,021
Percentage Granted/Issued	98.3	98.4	97.7	99.3	99.3
Revocations*	534	225	79	133	34
Cessations	780	332	377	2,264	547
Total Revocations/Cessations	1,314	557	456	2,397	581
Cumulative Granted/Issued**	306,985	329,530	337,883	352,631	377,477
Cumulative Revocations/Cessations**	10,594	11,151	11,607	14,004	14,585

Source:  National Parole Board.

Note:
*Revocations fluctuate due to resource re-allocation to deal with backlogs.
**Cumulative data reflects pardon activity since 1970, when the pardon process was established under the Criminal Records Act.
Pardons are issued for summary offences, upon application, following a three-year conviction-free period after the completion of the sentence. In cases of indictable offences, pardons are granted at the discretion of the National Parole Board (NPB) following a five-year period of good conduct after the completion of the sentence.  The cessation of a pardon automatically occurs following a subsequent conviction for an indictable offence or hybrid offence, with some exceptions, including impaired driving, driving with more than 80 mg of alcohol in the blood or fail to provide a breath sample. Revocations are at the discretion of the NPB following a subsequent summary conviction, or for lack of good conduct.  The Board may also render a decision of cessation when it is convinced by new information that the person was not eligible for a pardon at the time it was awarded.